How is the cost of living determined. Standard of living. living wage

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Social work presentational work, which will help to tell students about the distribution and redistribution of income with the help of state regulators. Also, students will learn what constitutes the income of citizens and why inequality results.

Format

pptx (powerpoint)

Number of slides

Ritunskaya E.G.

Lecture hall

The words

Abstract

Present

• Incomes of citizens
• Sources cash income  population
• Consumer basket
• Living wage
• Income inequality
• Income redistribution
• Taxation

Slide 1

"Distribution. Income inequality. Redistribution"

Social Studies 8 class number 22

Slide 2

1. Citizens' incomes (p.141)

Comprehensive income is ... the amount of money and material goods received or produced by households for a certain period of time

Slide 3

Sources of money incomes of the population:

Remuneration (salary)

Income from business activities

Social Security Cash Payments:

• pensions
• benefits
• scholarships

Sales of personal household products

Receipts from the financial system: winnings,% of deposits, insurance rewards

Slide 4

Consumer basket

A set of goods and services needed to meet the immediate needs of a person for the year, on average.

Slide 5

Living wage

the minimum level of income that is considered necessary to ensure a certain standard of living in a particular country

Food: Body mass index of at least 16.

Water: It should not come exclusively from rivers and ponds, and should be in 15 minutes of travel (one way).

Bathroom: At home or nearby.

Treatment: Should be available for pregnant and seriously ill.

Bed: No more than 4 people in one room. Ground floor is not allowed.

Information: Any means of communication: radio, television, telephone, Internet.

Services: This item Gordon does not define.

It is believed that a person who does not meet two of these indicators lives in absolute poverty.

From David Gordon’s Poverty and Hunger Indicators, written for the UN

Slide 6

2. Income inequality (p.142)

different value of the factors of production belonging to people (capital in the form of a computer, in principle, is able to generate more income than capital in the form of a shovel)

different success in the use of factors of production (an employee in a company producing a scarce commodity may have a higher salary than his colleague of the same qualifications working in a firm whose products are sold with difficulty)

different volume of factors of production belonging to people (the owner of two oil wells receives, other things being equal, greater income than the owner of one well).

Slide 8

3. The redistribution of income

“If a free society cannot help those who are poor, it cannot save those who are rich.” John F. Kennedy, President of the United States

  View all slides

Abstract

Social Studies

8 class number 22

Lesson objectives

Income inequality.

Redistribution of income.

During the classes.

living wage consumer basket

Income inequality.

place of residence and

Redistribution of income.

“Document” (p. 144).

1. Social benefits:

a) scholarships;

c) benefits to the needy;

e) compensation.

AT 1991

IN 1999 1999

Homework

(1547 -1616):

Social Studies

8 class number 22

Subject: Distribution. Income inequality. Redistribution of income.

Lesson objectives

Describe the phenomena and processes that develop in the sphere of distribution (characterize the causes of income inequality, explain the need for redistribution of income in society, show specific measures of state policy to protect the poor).

Uncover the essence of the concepts “total income”, “subsistence minimum”, “poverty level”.

Contribute to the development of an active life position of students in preparation for the implementation of the social roles of workers and owners.

Plan for learning new material

Incomes of citizens and a living wage.

Income inequality.

Redistribution of income.

Economic measures of social support of the population.

During the classes.

Incomes of citizens and a living wage.

The first paragraph of the plan can be studied by focusing on the disclosure of concepts.

"Total income", "cost of living",

“Consumer basket” “poverty level”.

The scheme introduced in the textbook (p. 141) and the reference to the knowledge about the incomes of citizens, obtained at the lessons in the 7th grade, helps the teacher to disclose and assimilate the concept of “comprehensive income”.

The teacher can reveal the essence of the three other concepts on the basis of the corresponding text fragment of the textbook, focusing on their connections. So, it is advisable to emphasize that living wage   there is the value of what goes into consumer basket and the amount of incomes of citizens equal to the subsistence minimum is the level (line) of poverty.

Those whose total income is below this level are not able to purchase the necessary food products, as well as non-food products and services included in the consumer basket. They fall below the poverty line.

Income inequality.

Ii. We recommend that you begin to study the material corresponding to the second paragraph of the plan by referring to the plot of the well-known fairy tale Cat in Boots, which was interpreted in relation to the topic being studied, described in the text. Further it is useful to put and discuss the following questions:

1) What is the reason for people to receive income?

2) What role can education play in this?

3) Can a person himself influence the value and volume of the factors of production owned by him? How?

4) How do factors of production, such as labor, land, capital, influence the amount of income?

5) Why do people use factors of production with varying degrees of success?

In case of difficulty in answering these questions, students should be asked to read a fragment of paragraph c. 142, second paragraph, beginning with the words "People’s incomes are different ...".

When disclosing this fragment for educational purposes, it is useful to draw attention to the fact that the desire to increase their incomes is pushing some people to use outlaw funds.   It is clear that society can not welcome looting, theft, fraud. At the same time, there are many legal ways to achieve a level of income that will provide a decent life.

It is possible to invite students to give their own examples of such methods and, in general, how a person’s active position influenced his income.

Other classes may be considered in classes with a strong student body. causes of inequality of people in their income. For example, one such reason is place of residence. In a number of countries, it turns out to be the main factor of social inequality. Neither education, nor health, nor professional qualification characteristics of a person, namely, where he lives, determines his level of income. In a person who lives in large city or in the area of ​​economic developmentThe chances of achieving a decent enough standard of living are much higher than those of a person with the same characteristics of intelligence, with the same legacy, with the same profession, but living in an economically backward region. It is this fact that causes a large number of people to move from the countryside to the city or from their city to another city or to another region. In the future, this knowledge will help students consciously study issues of social mobility. Another reason is the structure of the economy. Economists argue that any economy focused mainly on the extractive industries is doomed to a high level of inequality. (The exception to this rule is Kuwait, where the population and the number of jobs in the extractive industries are balanced.) Oil production andgas - the so-called capital-intensive production, where a large profit provides a very small number of people (as opposed, for example, from the service sector, where mainly the cost of production is formed by the labor invested).

When covering the issue of income polarization, it is important to emphasize the specificity of income inequality of Russian citizens. The main contribution to it is made by the so-called extreme groups - the poorest and richest. The standard of living of citizens belonging to the middle stratum differs very slightly.

Speaking about the polarization of income, you can refer to the data of the Public Opinion Foundation. In 2005, a survey was held in Russia, in which one and a half thousand people became participants. Respondents were asked: “Has the financial situation of your family improved, worsened or not changed over the past year?” According to the data, 17 percent of respondents noted an improvement in the financial situation of their family, 27 percent indicated that their financial situation had worsened. The main part of the respondents (53 percent) did not notice any changes in the material situation. Students can be invited to evaluate the results of the survey and to assume what its results would be if it took place today and was conducted among their closest circle.

Completing the study of the issue, it is important to bring students to the understanding that in a number of cases a person cannot withstand the social situation that causes and exacerbates income inequality. To help him called for the state, conducting the redistribution of income.

Redistribution of income.

Starting to characterize the redistribution of income, it is useful to focus students' attention on the social consequences of exacerbating the problem of poverty. We propose to use for this purpose the method of historical analogy and refer to the heading

“Document” (p. 144).  After reading the document, students may be asked the following questions:

1) Why is the textbook on social studies cited a document on the uprising of 1648 in Moscow? How is it related to the topic of the lesson?

2) What provisions of the studied material illustrate the historical events described in the document?

During the presentation, it is important to note that no matter how hard the state tries to reduce the difference in income, it cannot and should not equalize the income of all people. The incomes of those who produce benefits will never be equal to the incomes of people who do not produce anything, but have the legal right to produce goods in the country. If it were the other way around, then probably there would not be people who would like to produce something. Producers spend tremendous efforts, money, take on various risks, and all these costs must be offset by high incomes. At the same time, government payments received by people over the long term can discourage the desire to work. For example, why

to look for a job if you receive unemployment benefits, and the wages of low-paid workers are about the same as this benefit? In this regard, the question of expedient measures of state income redistribution policy is extremely relevant.

Economic measures of social support of the population.

The final point of the lesson plan is devoted to what the state is doing to reduce the difference in incomes of different groups of the population and to provide social protection to the poor. Students may be asked to study it independently in the text of the textbook, while drawing up a detailed response plan. Upon completion, one of the students may be asked to write a plan on the board, and the rest to supplement it based on their plans. This plan might look, for example, as follows:

Economic measures of social support of the population

1. Social benefits:

a) scholarships;

b) pensions (for old age, disability, long service, etc.);

c) benefits to the needy;

d) benefits (for travel in transport, the purchase of drugs, payment of utilities);

e) compensation.

Social services (for the disabled, elderly, large families, refugees, homeless) at home or in special institutions.

Helping low-income citizens to increase earnings:

a) the regulation of wages (the establishment of the minimum wage, the definition of wage premiums, the establishment of conditions for its change in connection with rising prices);

b) ensuring preferential conditions for running small and medium businesses, supporting enterprises that employ people with disabilities, young people;

c) assistance to the unemployed (material benefits, measures to increase employment, subsidies for housing, utilities, public transport, health services, catering, etc.).

In addition to the textbook text, the teacher can specify what measures the government is taking to increase employment: provides vocational training and retraining for people who have lost their jobs, pays scholarships during vocational training and retraining, creates jobs, helps in starting a business.

If time is available, it is useful to refer to the statements under the heading "They Say Wise."

When working on the statement of Oliver Goldsmith, it is useful to discuss the following questions: 1) What social phenomenon did the author of the statement touch upon? 2) Which of the sources of income found its figurative reflection in this statement? 3) How do the differences mentioned in the statement affect the amount of income? 4) Can a person influence the social situation and change the amount of income received by him? How?

When working on the statement of William Kemden, it is important to focus on the purposeful activity of the person to create the necessary factors that affect the amount of his income. In this regard, it is necessary to emphasize obtaining appropriate education, profession, training, active and creative attitude to their role in the system of social relations, readiness for self-development (including the development of volitional skills to overcome difficulties, to achieve results, etc.).

Modern Russian society, policy directions

ATin the course of studying the sub-topic, we recommend that students focus their attention on the dynamics of changes in the incomes of Russian citizens. First of all, it is important to emphasize how serious their decline was by the end of the last century. Towards 1991 year real incomes citizens accounted for only 40 percent, pensions and even less. As a result, a third of the population had incomes below the subsistence minimum. This means that a third of our citizens are impoverished. (Hereinafter, the data from the document “On the Strategy of Development of Russia until 2020”.)

It is advisable to explain to students that such a drop in income was caused primarily by inflation, manifested in rising prices, and arrears to citizens for material payments (“Inflation ate up the already low incomes of Russian citizens. IN 1999it was 36.5 percent. At the beginning 1999 the peak of wage arrears, pensions and benefits (some benefits were not paid at all). At the enterprises, delays in salary payments reached two years ").

When studying a sub-topic, it is important to consider the tasks formulated in the above document, including the following:

“Russia should become the best in terms of career opportunities, for a significant increase in social and material status throughout life. The best - in the promotion of talent and success. All who are willing to work should be able to earn good money. Including accumulate enough funds to maintain the achieved standard of living after the completion of the labor activity ”.

"It is very important that today's retirees and people with disabilities receive decent pensions and benefits."

Homework

Work on § 18, answer the questions from the “Check Yourself” column, perform the tasks from the “In the classroom and at home” column.

Students interested in the subject can be asked to write their own task by analogy with task 1 of the heading "In the classroom and at home." It is important to emphasize that both the text of the problem condition and its solution will be checked and evaluated. You can also suggest, based on the topic studied, based on the material of the textbook, reflect on the statement of the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes (1547 -1616): "Wealth is not in the very possession of wealth, but in the ability to use it wisely."

What are the main factors of production?

Think it over: Where do people get funds to meet their needs? Why are there rich and poor in any society? What is the use and the harm of economic inequality of citizens?

Incomes of citizens and a living wage.  Your acquaintance with the main sources of income occurred in grade 7 in a class on the family economy. Recall the sources of income will help you the scheme presented on p. 141.

People get not only in cash or in kind (think that from the sources of income reflected in the scheme can be attributed to cash income, and that - in kind). Income can represent specific benefits and benefits. For example, retirees in several cities in Russia have the right to free travel and public transport. Russian schoolchildren study for free at a public school. At many enterprises and in universities, you can purchase preferential trips to sanatoriums, rest homes, youth camps.

From various sources, the aggregate income of citizens and their families.

The minimum amount of income sufficient for the acquisition of goods and services necessary for human life is characterized by two economic terms; subsistence minimum and consumer basket. The cost of living is the cost of a minimum of the funds necessary for the maintenance of human life. The consumer basket is a list of necessary food and non-food goods and services. In Russia, 35 items of necessary foodstuffs, non-food products and basic types of services, primarily housing and utilities and transport, are included in the consumer basket. In developed countries, consumer baskets can include more than 200 items of goods and services.

The minimum level of consumption is determined by such an indicator as the poverty line (poverty level). The poor in Russia officially include all those who have incomes below the poverty line, that is, below the subsistence minimum corresponding to the cost of the minimum consumer basket. Conditions and ways of transition of Russia to market relations in the early 90s. last century turned poverty into a serious problem for our country.

Data:  In 2001, the income below the subsistence minimum was 30% of the population of Russia, in 2005 - 18.4%. In 2007, the number of such citizens was 14%. In 2008, the number of pensioners with an income below the subsistence minimum decreased by more than 5 times. Since 2010, the procedure for determining the size of pensions has become more taken into account the real labor contribution of workers; the size of the pension has increased significantly.

Income inequality.In any country, the revenues that are obtained by certain participants in economic relations are unequal. One person, for example, large owner (like the one that S. Ya. Marshak long ago described: “the owner of factories, newspapers, steamboats”) receives very substantial revenues. Obviously, his income is incomparably higher than the subsistence minimum. Another person is unemployed, his entire income is unemployment benefits. And this benefit has not reached all living standards in all countries. The incomes of retirees, families with many children and people with disabilities are low.

The incomes of people with different abilities (physical and intellectual), the level of education and training, which determines their ability to earn, differ. According to the World bankand the probability of being below the poverty line in a person with higher education is much less than that of one who has no education or has only primary education. In Poland, people with higher education turned out to be below the poverty line 9 times less often, in Romania - 50 times less often than people who do not have an image of (Think about which factor of production affects these indicators.)

The difference in wages of workers in different industries and enterprises can also be quite noticeable. Relatively small, for example, incomes of employees of state enterprises and industries financed from the state budget, for example, teachers, doctors, scientists.

Inequality of incomes of people was originally due to the unequal value and unequal volume of the factors of production owned by them.

To understand the meaning of the terms “value” and “volume” as applied to production factors, let us recall the wise children's tale “Puss in Boots”. From he left a legacy to three sons, as you remember, the mill, the donkey and the cat. Obviously, capital in the form of a mill or a donkey is capable of generating more income than capital in the form of a cat, i.e., initially, the value of various inheritance shares was unequal. And if you imagine that one brother inherited three mills, and the other only one, it will become clear the influence of the volume of capital as a factor of production on the amount of income (it is obvious that three mills are capable of generating more income than one).

Similarly, we can consider the impact on the income of the volume and value of other factors of production. So, with reference to work, one can, in particular, speak of qualified labor of people with secondary special or higher education and a pile of people without special education. With regard to the land as a factor of production, you can, for example, consider areas of different size, different fertility and with different reserves of minerals, etc.

But back to our fairy tale. There is another clear illustration of the causes of income inequality. As you remember, the hero of the tale did not eat the cat and did not let his skin on his gloves, even though at first he had similar thoughts. Reasonable use of its part of the inheritance ultimately affected the amount of income of the owner of the cat. People use factors of production with varying degrees of success, and this is another reason for income inequality.

Note that income inequality can be associated with various life circumstances that are independent of a person. For example, one turned out to be a successful gold miner and found a gold mine. Another rich relative of the will left a large amount of money. The third went bankrupt as a result of flooding. The fourth lost his job and became unemployed. The fifth got a disability and became disabled.

Economists study the causes of inequality and compare the differences in incomes of the population in different countries. In particular, they conditionally build various people in their families one after another and depending on the size of their income. The first 10% in this series and the last 10% of families show the incomes of the richest and poorest citizens of the country. The greater the gap between them, the greater the inequality and, as economists say, the polarization of income.

Data. According to the Federal Statistics Service, in 2010, in Russia, 10.8% of the most well-to-do Russians accounted for 29.8% of total cash income, while the same 10% of the least well-to-do accounted for only 2% of revenues. The standard of living of 60-70% of the population of Russia varies slightly.

The polarization of incomes of the population of Russia was seriously affected by the 1990s. XX century. socio-economic reform. The development of market relations in the economy led to a decline in production, the closure of a large number of enterprises. This deprived thousands of people of earnings. Not everyone was able to find a new job, including people with high qualifications. The moderate increase in production that has begun in recent years does not yet provide a sufficient number of jobs. At the same time, a change in the forms and nature of property relations, the development of entrepreneurship, opened up the possibility for a significant increase in their incomes to a growing number of economically independent citizens. However, growing income inequality can leave large families, single-parent families, families of the unemployed, and families of the elderly behind the poverty line.

Redistribution of income.  The problem of poverty to one degree or another concerns all countries. But if the income difference becomes very large or grows too fast, there is a real threat to the stability of society. The poor can protest on the streets, they can start an armed struggle, they can vote in elections for a “dark” person or party, giving in to tempting promises to improve their situation. The exacerbation of the problem of poverty may affect the growth of crime in the country.

Document.  Referring to a fragment from the book on national history L. P. Booker:

“Having ascended the throne to the very young, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich initially did little to do public affairs. Management was taken over by his tutor — the rich and enterprising boyar B. I. Morozov. In search of funds to replenish the royal treasury, Morozov reduced the salary of archers and low-serving servicemen. At the same time, new taxes and duties were introduced, the burden of which fell mainly on peasants, artisans, the urban poor, small traders.

In the summer of 1648, a rebellion broke out in Moscow ... The insurgent population of the capital broke into the Kremlin. The defeat of Morozov’s courtyards, his relatives and those whom the rebels considered to be the culprits of their disasters, began. For several days, Moscow was at the mercy of the rebels. ”

The governments of most countries, preoccupied with maintaining social peace and political stability, are taking measures to alleviate income disparities and ensure their citizens a decent standard of living.

The idea of ​​redistributing income by withdrawing part of it from the rich and transferring it to the poor more than once arose in antiquity and in the Middle Ages. Probably from history lessons you heard about the legendary Robin Hood - the hero of medieval English folk ballads, leaders of forest robbers who, fighting for justice, robbed rich knights and priests, donating what they got to the poor.

Nowadays in the developed countries of the world create a state regulatory mechanism   income inequality. It consists, firstly, in levying taxes on producers (firms) and on personal incomes of citizens. (Recall that you learned about the taxation of the previous paragraph.) And even if the size income tax  does not depend on the amount of income of individual citizens (as, for example, in today's Russia), the amount of tax withdrawn is all the greater, the greater the income itself. (Remember, in what other way, besides taxation, the state receives its income.) Secondly, part of the state income received is transferred to the poorest groups of the population. For this, various social funds are created (for example, a pension fund) and social support programs are being developed.

The state at its own expense seeks to reduce the difference in incomes of different groups of the population and to provide social protection for the poor.

At the same time, government payments received by people over the long term should not diminish people's desire to work and be sure of that. that this is the only way to ensure a decent living for yourself and your loved ones.

So what are the appropriate measures of state policy aimed at the redistribution of income? Let's try to consider the main ones.

Economic measures of social support of the population.  Assistance to socially unprotected groups of the population is carried out primarily through social groups; payments and social services. Social assistance programs include grants, pensions, benefits for the needy. People who receive such payments should not provide anything to the state as compensation for the money spent on them.

Social benefits also include a system of benefits for special needs groups. For example, providing the opportunity to purchase some goods and services for free or at reduced prices. In many countries, poor families receive compensation for the maintenance of their housing (depending on the area occupied and income).

In Russia, citizens who have reached retirement age receive an old-age pension (men - from 60 years old, women - from 55 years old). There are also pensions for disability, for long service, etc. Some categories of the population receive benefits, for example, for travel in transport, the purchase of medicines, payment of utilities.

Social services at home or in special institutions receive disabled people, the elderly, large families, refugees, and homeless.

Another measure is to help low-income citizens to increase the money they earn. In almost all countries, the state regulates wages. With the help of the law, it sets the minimum wage - its lowest value at enterprises of any form of ownership. In addition, the law defines a number of wage increases (for example, for overtime work, for work on weekends and public holidays), and also establishes the conditions for its change due to price increases. In addition, the state seeks to provide preferential conditions for running small and medium-sized businesses, including family businesses, and provides support to enterprises that employ disabled people and young people.

Special attention is paid to help the unemployed. It includes material benefits: compensation to employees who are discharged from enterprises (severance pay) and unemployment benefits. In addition, the state is taking a variety of measures to increase employment.

The state determines the forms, amounts, conditions and terms of payment of benefits. For example, if an unemployed person is affected without reason from a job offer, then the payment of unemployment benefits may be suspended or terminated. If an employee leaves for violation of labor discipline, he is not half of the severance pay, while at the same time unemployed (1 their families (for example, families with children)) may receive subsidies for housing, utilities, public transport , health care and catering services.The benefits and subsidies take into account the income of people and are targeted.

The redistribution of incomes conducted by the state increases the mass consumption. Consumption as a sphere of economic life will be discussed in the next paragraph.

check yourself

1. What are the sources of income of the population?

2. What are the reasons for the inequality of people in the income they receive?

3. Why can not eliminate income inequality?

4. Why do people need social support from the state? What economic measures does it include?

5. Why state social programs are targeted?

In the classroom and at home

1. The Afonins family consists of six people. Grandma is 65 years old. she is a pensioner. Afoninu Sergey is 40 years old, he works as an economist in a bank. His wife is 36 years old, she is a school teacher, but is not working now. Six months ago, a third child was born to them, and the mother takes care of him. The eldest son of the Afonins is already a first-year student. And their daughter is a class b student. Describe the possible income of this family.

2. Is it possible to argue that a certain difference in people's incomes is fair? Explain your answer.

3. Pick up material from newspapers and reports from other media describing various measures taken by the state to solve the problem of poverty in our country, in particular in the territory of your republic, region, region. Discuss them with your classmates.

4. There is an expression: “There is no free breakfast.” Based on the text of the paragraph, explain how the state manages to make gratuitous payments to people in need.

As is known, the main indicator of the standard of living of the population is its income from wages, social benefits (scholarships, pensions, benefits, etc.), business and property (rents, dividends, profits and interest). So, during the period of the 1990s. Structural indicators of Russian income have undergone significant changes. Property incomes increased by more than 6 times, and from entrepreneurial activities - 2.6 times.

As for the share of wages, it decreased by 1.75 times and by the end of the 1990s. accounted for about 40%. In the period under review, real wages in Russia decreased by three times.

To predict the standard of living of the population, the minimum consumer budget, the budget of high income and the budget of the subsistence minimum are used.

Since 1992 (this indicator has not been applied before), the subsistence minimum budget consists of the valuation of the consumer basket, mandatory fees and charges. Since 1999, methodological recommendations for determining the consumer basket have been in place in the Russian Federation. The consumer basket includes a minimum set of food products (33 items), as well as non-food items (66 items) and services (7 items of paid services) necessary to maintain a person’s health and normal life.

The minimum consumer budget includes the social minimum of funds, the amount of which is sufficient for normal human activity. This budget consists of 250 items of goods and services that meet the needs of the vast majority of the population at the minimum level. Such a budget is about 2 times more expensive than the minimum subsistence budget.

The budget of high incomes quantitatively exceeds 6 budgets of the subsistence minimum and allows sufficiently satisfying the reasonable needs of the population.

The most important economic indicators of the standard of living are the purchasing power of the population. With the help of this indicator, you can find out the number of conditional sets of the subsistence minimum that the population is able to acquire with its average cash income.

In the same 1999, the entire population of the Russian Federation was divided into 4 groups (taking into account the size of consumer budgets).

1. The first group included the poor strata of the population, whose average monthly income per capita was less than the budget estimate for the subsistence minimum (57.77% of the total population of the Russian Federation in 1999).

2. The second group included low-income groups with a monthly per capita income ranging from the budget estimate of the subsistence minimum to the estimate of the minimum consumer budget (25.47% of the total population of the Russian Federation in 1999).

3. The third group began to include the medium or relatively wealthy segments of the population, where the monthly per capita income was between the estimate of the minimum consumer budget and the estimate of the budget of high income (13.01% of the total population of the Russian Federation in 1999).

4. The fourth group is the smallest. It includes wealthy and wealthy Russians, whose monthly per capita income was above the high-income budget (3.75% of the total population of the Russian Federation in 1999).

According to forecasts of specialists of the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences, made in the same 1999, the incomes of the population of Russia by 2010 should increase by 3.3 times. The salary will increase on average by 3.5 times, and expenses - only by 3.2 times. Russians savings will increase by 4.7 times. Such calculations were based on the assumption that the country will achieve sustainable economic growth by 2010 and the achievement of macroeconomic stabilization, which are so necessary for raising the standard of living of the population of the Russian Federation. But in general, the real effect of the ongoing socio-economic policy can be assessed only after several decades.

Revenue sharing

Let's remember

What does the salary depend on? What is the state budget? What are the main factors of production?

Think about it

Where do people get funds to meet their needs? Why do you think there are rich and poor in any society?

Incomes of citizens and a living wage

People receive income in cash or in kind.

Income can also represent specific benefits and benefits. For example, retirees in a number of Russian cities have the right to free travel in public transport. Russian schoolchildren study for free at a public school. At many enterprises and in universities, you can purchase preferential trips to sanatoriums, rest homes, youth camps.

From various sources is formed total income  citizens and their families.

The minimum amount of income sufficient for the acquisition of goods and services necessary for a person’s life is characterized by two economic terms: the subsistence minimum and the consumer basket. Living wage  - the cost of a minimum of funds necessary for the maintenance of human life. Consumer basket  It is a list (set) of goods and services necessary for minimum satisfaction of the needs of a person or a family. In developed countries, consumer baskets can include more than 200 items of goods and services.

What is included in the consumer basket?

First of all, these are food products - bread, cereals, fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, milk, etc.

Next are non-food products - clothing, shoes, underwear, medicines, etc. The third category is services, which include housing, heating, water supply, electricity (utilities), as well as expenses for transportation, cultural events, etc.

In our country, the named goods and services are listed in the annex to Federal law  "On the consumer basket."

The data of the consumer basket are recalculated several times a year, and its composition is reviewed every five years. For different categories of citizens (children, able-bodied population, retirees) the recalculation goes separately. Moreover, its value varies in the regions of the country.

Taking into account the real value of goods and services necessary for life, the so-called poverty line (poverty level) is established. The poor officially include all those who have incomes below the poverty line, that is, below the subsistence minimum corresponding to the value of the minimum consumer basket.

An important indicator and result of the economic life of society is the standard of living of its members. The standard of living is the degree of provision of the population with goods, services and living conditions necessary for a comfortable and safe existence.

The level of well-being of people is characterized, first of all, by the income they receive. The concept of "income" is broader than the concept of wages, since income contains other cash receipts.

There are three types of income:

Nominal income -the total amount of money received by individuals (or accrued to them) for a certain period. The nominal income of the population includes: wages, dividends, interest, as well as payments in the form of social security and unemployment benefits, housing subsidies and food products.

Disposable (personal) income- This is income that can be used for personal consumption and savings. It is equal to nominal income minus taxes and obligatory payments to budgets.

Real income- This is the number of goods and services that can be bought on disposable income during a certain period. It reflects the purchasing power of cash income.

Incomes are designed to create the conditions for achieving and maintaining a certain level of life.

The standard of living can be considered both for the country as a whole and for individual social groups of the population, taking into account regional peculiarities.

To assess the standard of living, a system of indicators is used, which includes:

Income and expenditure of the population;

Fertility / mortality;

Sanitary and hygienic conditions;

Food consumption;

Living conditions;

Education and culture;

Working conditions and employment;

Cost of living and consumer prices;

Vehicles;

Recreation organization;

Social Security;

Freedom of man.

To calculate the standard of living in the whole country, the indicator is used. GDPper capita.

The total value of all final goods and services produced by the country for the year, divided by population.

UN experts believe that the standard of living is characterized by a special indicator - human development indexcalculated based on:

GDP per capita;

Average life expectancy;

The level of education.

The starting point for determining the standard of living is the “consumer basket”, which includes, for our country, a minimum set of food items from 25 items. Reducing consumption below the “consumer basket” puts the consumer “below the poverty line” (in the US, 265 types of goods and services are included in the consumer basket). Poverty levelcall the normatively established level of monetary income of a person for a certain period, which allows him to ensure his physical (physiological) subsistence minimum. Poverty is measured by the subsistence minimum, i.e. the minimum level of consumption.

The subsistence minimum is the level of income necessary to purchase food at the lower boundary of physiological norms, as well as to meet the minimum needs for clothing, footwear, housing, transportation services, and sanitation and hygiene items.

To observe the principle of social justice, measures of state regulation of the economy, that is, the conduct of social policy, are necessary.

The solution of social problems involves:

State regulation of employment;

Development of the social insurance system;

Strengthening state aid to those who can not earn themselves.