Modern chemical education in Russia: standards, textbooks, Olympiad, exams. Chemistry and chemical education. XXI century Basic chemistry school challenges

Address: St. Petersburg, Nab. R. Washing, d.48.

E-Male Organizing Committee: [Email Protected]

Organizers: RGPU them. A.I. Herzen

Conditions of participation and housing: 400 rubles.

Dear Colleagues!

We invite you to take part inII All-Russian Student Conference with International Participation "Chemistry and chemical education XXI century, "dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Faculty of Chemistry of RGPU. A.I. Herzen and 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor V.V. Perekalin.

The conference will be held on the basis of the RSPU. A.I. Herzen.

Dates of the conference - from April 15 to April 17, 2013 The purpose of the Conference is the exchange of the results of the study of modern problems of chemistry and chemical education between young researchers and the active introduction of students to research work. Within the conference will be presentedsectional (up to 10 min) and poster reports of studentsstudying in undergraduate ecalute and magistracy. Ability to participate with the publication of the abstracts of the report. The abstract theses of the reports will be published in the collection of conference materials with the assignment of the ISBN number. Plenary reports will perform invited leading chemists of St. Petersburg.

The main scientific areas of the conference:

• Section 1 - Organic, Biological and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
• Section 2 - Physical, Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
• Section 3 - inorganic and coordination chemistry, nanotechnology
• Section 4 - Chemical Education

To participate in the conference it is necessary:

Until February 15, 2013, send the registration form of the participant and the abstracts of the report, decorated in accordance with the requirements, to the electronic address of the conference: Conference [Email Protected] .ru.

Zavyalova F.D., Chemistry TeacherMOU "SOSH №3" with in-depth study of individual itemshero named after the hero of Russia Igor Rzhavitin, Guo Revda

The role of chemistry in the modern world? Chemistry is the area of \u200b\u200bnatural sciences, which studies the structure of various substances, as well as their relationship with the environment. For human needs, chemical education is of great importance. In the second half of the 20th century, the state invests in the development of chemical science, as a result there were new discoveries in the field of pharmaceutical and industrial production, therefore the chemical industry was expanded, and this contributed to the emergence of real estate in qualified specialists. To date, chemical education in our country is in an obvious crisis.

Now at school there is a consistent extrusion of natural sciences from the school courage. Too much reduced time on the study of natural cycle items, focus on patriotic and moral education, confusing education with education, as a result, graduates of schools today do not understand the simplest chemical laws. And many students think that chemistry is a useless thing, and in the future there will be no progress.

And the main purpose of education is the development of mental abilities is a workout of memory, learning logic, the ability to establish causal relationships, the construction of models, the development of abstract and spatial thinking. The defining role in this is played by natural sciences, which reflect objective laws of nature development. Chemistry studies different ways to send chemical reactions and a variety of substances, therefore it takes a special place in a number of natural sciences as a tool for the development of mental abilities of schoolchildren. It may be so that a person in his professional activity will never face chemical problems, but when studying chemistry at school will develop the ability to think.

The study of alone foreign languages \u200b\u200band other humanitarian disciplines is not enough to form an intellect of a modern person. A clear understanding of how one phenomena gives rise to others, drawing up an action plan, modeling situations and finding optimal solutions, the ability to anticipate the consequences of the actions undertaken - all this can be learned only on the basis of natural sciences. These knowledge and skills are needed absolutely to all.

The absence of these knowledge and skills leads to chaos. On the one hand, we hear calls for innovation in the technological sphere, deepening the processing of raw materials, the introduction of energy-saving technologies, on the other hand, we observe a reduction in natural science subjects at school. Why is this happening? Unclear?!

The next most important goal of school education is preparation for future adulthood. A young man must enter her all the knowledge of the world's knowledge, which includes not only the world of people, but also the world of things, and the surrounding nature. Knowledge of the material world, about substances, materials and technologies with which they may encounter everyday life give natural sciences. The study of only humanitarian disciplines leads to the fact that adolescents cease to understand the material world and begin to be afraid of it. From here - they leave reality into virtual space.

Most of the people still live in the material world, constantly contact with various substances and materials and exposes them, various chemical and physicochemical transformations. Knowledge, how to handle the substances, a person gets at school in chemistry lessons. It can forget the formula of sulfuric acid, but to handle it all his life will be caution. He will not be lit on the gas station and not at all because he saw gasoline. Just at school at the lesson of chemistry, he was explained that gasoline had a property to evaporate, to form explosive mixes with air and burn. Therefore, more time must be given to the development of chemistry, and I believe that there has been in vain reduced hours to study chemistry in schools.

The lessons of the natural cycle prepare students and to a future profession. After all, to predict what professions will be most in demand after 20 years, it is impossible. According to the Department of Labor and Employment of the Population Today, professions related to chemistry, learn a list of the most popular labor market. Now almost all products that use a person in one way or another are associated with technologies in which chemical reactions are used. For example, cleaning fuel, the use of food dyes, detergents, fertilizer pesticides and so on.

Professions related to chemistry are not only specialists working in oil refining and gas producing industries, as well as those professions that can guarantee work in almost any region.

List of most sought-after specialties:

• Chemist technologist, engineer-technologist, can always find a place at the production of the city. Depending on the learning profile, it can work on food or industrial enterprises. The main task of this specialist is to control the quality of products, as well as the introduction of innovation in production.
• Chemist-ecologist, in every city there is a department that follows the environmental situation.
• Chemist-cosmetologist is a very popular destination, especially in those regions where there are large cosmetic enterprises.
• Pharmacist. Higher education makes it possible to work in large companies producing medicines, you can always find a place in the urban pharmacy.
• Biotechnologist, nanochemistry, expert on alternative energy types.
• Criminalistics and forensic examination. In the Ministry of Internal Affairs, also need chemists, there is always the position of staffing chemist, their knowledge can help in the capture of criminals.
• Profession of the future - researchers of alternative energy sources. After all, soon the supply of oil runs out, the same happens with gas, so the demand for such specialists is growing. And maybe after 10-20 years of chemists of this area will lead a list of the most sought-after experts.

The basic requirements for modern specialists are good memory and analytical warehouse of mind, creativity, innovative ideas, creative approach and a non-standard look at the usual things. A large role in the formation of these skills and abilities is played by the study of chemistry. A man deprived of the natural science base of education is easier to manipulate.

In contrast to all other living beings, a person does not adapt to environmental conditions, and changes it under its needs. A sharp increase in the population on the planet occurred after the great opening of chemists, these inventions of antibiotics and the beginning of their release on an industrial scale.

Given everything above, I think that it is necessary to increase the number of hours to study chemistry, and begin to get acquainted already in the younger link.

If at the beginning of the last century under education it was understood as learning a score, reading and writing, then later, in this case, we invest in ensuring the realization of the need for a person in development. Education for us has become a sustainable development, and it should be qualitative.

Literature:

1. Russian Academy of Sciences - About Mendeleev Congress in Yekaterinburg
2. What chemistry should be studied in modern school? - Heinrich Vladimirovich Erlich - Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Leading Researcher MSU. M. V. Lomonosov.

From 28 to 30 April 2014, the All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation on the topic: "Chemistry and chemical education is held in Sogu. XXI century ", dedicated to the memory of the doctor of science, Professor, ChL-Corr. Raen Nikolai Kaloeeva.

His scientific works dedicated to the Great Science - Chemistry will present scientists from Moscow State University, Samara State Regional University, Kabardino-Balkar, Chechen, Ingush State Universities and, of course, our university.

Today the solemn opening of the conference was held, followed by the first plenary session of the three-day event. With a greeting to the participants of the event, a Vice-Rector of Galazov S.S. was addressed, then the decan of the Chemical Technology Faculty of Fatima Agayeva. Being one of the organizers of such a significant forum, she told about the invaluable contribution of Nikolai Kaloeeva to the development of chemistry in RNO-Alanya.

"Today we have opened the first conference, which is conducted by the Chemical and Technology Faculty. She is devoted to the memory of our first dean, the head of the department of inorganic and analytical chemistry of Nikolai Iosifovich Kaloeeva - our teacher, a man who inspired us to engage in science, making us love for pedagogical work. Without exaggeration, it can be said that almost all the current employees of our faculty are his disciples, "said Fatima Aleksandrovna.

Head of the Laboratory of Physico-Chemical Analysis. DI. Mendeleeva, Professor Samara University, Alexander Trunin, spoke about the development of physicochemical analysis of multicomponent systems using innovative technologies in Samara. I remembered such significant historical figures as Peter 1, Mikhail Lomonosov ...
Professor of the Department of Organic Chemistry, Vladimir Abaev, presented his report at the conference, dedicated to the new synthesis of Indoles on the basis of Furan derivatives, and Lera Alakayev - Professor of the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry KBSU, argued about innovative technologies for training chemists-analysts of a wide profile in the KBSU.

Among the guest guests at the plenary session were attended by the daughter of Nikolai Kaloeeva - Zalina and Albina Kaloev.
"It is very nice that the conference is held in honor of the memory of our Father. At one time, he also gave a lot of time and gave science, with great love referred to graduate students, apparently, it made his fruits. We are grateful to the organizers of the conference, participants, students for what they adequately appreciated the activities of our Father. Thanks a lot!" - noted Zaloyev's Zalina.

After the plenary session, the participants continued their work, only at the Chemical Technology Faculty. After all the reports were read, the participants were divided into groups in order to work in sections. Ended for participants The first day of the conference tour of Vladikavkazu. The next two days of the conference "Chemistry and chemical education. XXI century "promise will be no less interesting.

Yuri Aleksandrovich Usounyuk - Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Honored Professor of Moscow State University, Head of the NMR Laboratory of the Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University. The area of \u200b\u200bscientific interests is metal organic and coordination chemistry, physical organic chemistry, spectroscopy, catalysis, problems of chemical education.

In the discussion that he represents the chemical science as a whole and its individual areas at the turn of the centuries, many very reputable authors have already spoken up. In some differences in particulars, the general tone of all statements are clearly major. Unanimously marked outstanding achievements at all major areas of chemical research. All specialists note an extremely important role that new and the latest methods of studying the structure of the substance and dynamics of chemical processes have played to achieve these successes. It is equally uniform about the vast influence on the development of chemistry over the past two decades in our eyes of the universal and all-permissive computerization of science. All authors support the thesis on the strengthening of interdisciplinary interaction both at the joints of chemical disciplines and between all the natural and accurate sciences in general during this period. Much more differences in the forecasts of the future chemical science, in the assessments of the main trends of its development to a close and remote perspective. But here the optimistic attitude prevails. Everyone agrees that progress will continue the accelerated pace, although some authors do not expect new fundamental discoveries in the near future, according to their importance comparable with the discoveries of the beginning and the middle of the past century / 1 /.

There is no doubt that there is something to be proud of the scientific chemical community.

Obviously, the chemistry in the past century not only took a central place in natural science, but also created a new base of the material culture of modern civilization. It is clear that this most important role will continue in the near future. And therefore, it seems at first glance, there are no special reasons to doubt the bright future of our science. However, do not confuse you, dear colleagues, the fact that in a slim chore, today the praise of chemistry and chemicals, clearly lacks the sobering votes of "contramets". In my opinion, the contraphors make up an important, although not very numerous part of any healthy scientific community. "Contrapex-skeptic", in advance with a general opinion, if possible, seeks to repay the explosions of the universal delight regarding the next outstanding success. On the contrary, the "contamopot-optimist" smoothes the attacks of just as universal despair at the time of the collapse of the next unfulfilled hopes. We will try, mentally settled in one table of these almost antipodes, look at the problem of chemistry at the turn of centuries with a slightly different point of view.

The century ended. Together with him ends his active life in science. A brilliant generation of chemists, whose efforts were achieved by well-known all and recognized by all outstanding progress. A new generation of chemical researchers, teachers chemists, chemical engineers comes to shift. Who are these today's young men and girls whose faces are we seeing about them in training audiences? What and how should we teach them so that their professional activities would be successful? What skills should complement the knowledge gained? What of our life experience we can convey to them, and they will agree to take in the form of advice and instructions, so that the cherished dream of each of them is a dream about personal happiness and well-being? In a short note it is impossible to answer all these most complex and eternal questions. Let it be an invitation to a more detailed discussion and seed for leisurely personal reflection.

One of my good friends, a chemist professor with a forty years old, who said irritably recently, when I, thinking about this note, listed him the above questions: "What actually has a special and unexpected happened? What has changed so much? We all studied gradually from our teachers, learned something and somehow. Now they, students, are studying the same with us. So it comes from the century to the century. So it will always go. And there is nothing to wear a new garden. " I hope that I said in response then and written here will not be the reason for our breeding. But my answer was sounded very strongly. I argued that everything changed in chemical science at the turn of the centuries! It is extremely difficult to find in it even a small area (this, of course, does not talk about deaf streets, in which marginal-relics were conveniently set), where in the last quarter a century would not have taken deep cardinal changes.

^ Methodical arsenal of chemical research.

As S.G. Kara-Murza / 2/2/2 /, the history of chemical science can be considered not only within the framework of the traditional approach as the evolution of basic concepts and ideas against the background of discoveries and accumulation of new experimental facts. With full right, it can be stated in another context as the history of improving and developing the methodological arsenal of chemical science. In fact, the role of new methods is not limited to the fact that they repeatedly expand the research capabilities of the scientific community, which mastered them. In the interdisciplinary interaction, the method is similar to the Trojan horse. Together with the method in the new area of \u200b\u200bscience, its theoretical and mathematical apparatus penetrates, which are effectively used when creating new concepts. The leading nature of the development of the methodological arsenal of chemistry was especially brightly manifested in the last quarter of the past century.

The most striking achievements in this area will certainly include the practical achievement of physical limits in the spatial, temporary and concentration permission in a number of new methods for chemical research. Thus, the creation of scanning tunnel microscopy with a spatial resolution at the level of 0.1 nm provides observation of individual atoms and molecules. The development of laser femtosecond spectroscopy with a temporary resolution at the level of 1 - 10 fs opens up the ability to study elementary acts of chemical processes in time intervals corresponding to one period of oscillations of atoms in the molecule. Finally, the discovery of tunnel vibrational spectroscopy allows you to now follow the behavior and transformations of a separate molecule on the surface of solids. In no less important, perhaps also the fact that there was practically no time gap between the creation of the physical principles of each of these methods and their direct use to solve chemical problems. The latter is unlikely, since all these and many other most important results of recent years have been obtained by interdiscilicarbinal teams, uniting physicists, chemists, engineers and other specialists.

A breakthrough to a new level of resolution and sensitivity was powerfully supported by an extremely rapid improvement of the physical methods that have long been the basis of the Arsenal of the Research Chemist. Over the past 10 years, the resolution and sensitivity of all spectral methods have improved an order of magnitude or more, and the productivity of scientific devices increased by two or more orders. In leading research laboratories, the basis of the instrument park is now generation tools - the most complex measurement and computing complexes that provide full automation of measurement and processing results, and also provide on line to apply databases and banks of scientific data when interpreting them. A chemical researcher with the help of a complex of such devices receives about 2000 times more information per unit than 50 years ago. Here are just some examples.

X-ray structural analysis of single crystals Another 10 years ago was one of the most time-consuming and long-term experiments. The determination of the molecular and crystal structure of a new substance required months of work, and sometimes delayed for years. The newest automatic x-ray diffractometers give today the opportunity to study the compounds of not too large molecular weight to obtain the entire necessary array of reflexes in a few hours and will not be presented with too high requirements for the size and quality of the crystal. Complete processing of experimental data using modern programs on a personal computer takes a few more hours. Thus, the seemingly disconnected dream of "One day - one complete structure" became everyday reality. Over the past 20 years, with the help of RS, it seems to be investigated more molecular traits than for the entire preceding period of its application. In some areas of chemical science, the use of RS in the routine method mode led to a breakthrough to a new level of knowledge. For example, the obtained data on the detailed structure of globular proteins, including the most important enzymes, as well as other types of biologically important molecules, were of fundamentally important for the development of molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics and related disciplines. Experiments at low temperatures opened the possibility of constructing precision maps of a difference electron density in complex molecules suitable for direct comparison with the results of theoretical calculations.

The increase in the sensitivity of mass spectrometers already provides a reliable analysis of the femtographic amounts of the substance. The new methods of ionization and time mass spectrometers with a rather high resolution (MALDI-TOF system) in combination with two-dimensional electrophoresis can now be identified and studying the structure of a very large molecular weight biomeculus, for example, cell proteins. This made it possible to occur a new rapidly developing area at the junction of chemistry and biology - proteomics / 3 /. The current possibilities of high-resolution mass-spectrometry in elemental analysis are excellent description of G.I. Iremendic / 4 /.

A new step forward made NMR spectroscopy. The use of a sample rotation methods at a magical angle with cross-polarization makes it possible to obtain high-resolution spectra in solids. The use of complex sequences of radio frequency pulses in combination with pulsed gradients of the polarizing field, as well as inverse detecting of the spectra of heavy and rare nuclei, it is possible to directly define the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of proteins with a molecular weight of up to 50 kD in solution.

An increase in the sensitivity of the methods of analysis, separation and research of substances had another important consequence. In all areas of chemistry, there was a miniature of a chemical experiment, including the transition in a chemical laboratory synthesis with a semi-chicro-micromastea. This significantly reduces the costs of reagents and solvents, significantly accelerates the entire research cycle. Successes in the development of new effective general synthesis methods that provide typical chemical reactions with high yields close to quantitative led to the emergence of "combinatorial chemicals". In it, the purpose of the synthesis is not one, but at the same time hundreds, and sometimes thousands of substances of a close structure (the synthesis of the "combinatorial library"), which is carried out in separate microreactors for each product placed in a large reactor, and sometimes in one general reactor. Such a cardinal change in the objectives of the synthesis has led to the development of a completely new strategy for planning and implementing experiments, as well as, which is especially important in the light of problems we have discussed, to the full renewal of equipment and equipment of its holding, really putting on the agenda the issue of widespread introduction into the practice of chemical robots .

Finally, the latter in the order of transfer in this section, but not least by significance, the change in the methodological arsenal of chemical research is the new role that today methods of theoretical calculations and computer modeling of the structure and properties of substances, as well as chemical processes play in chemistry. For example, even recently, the chemist-theoretics has seen its main task in the systematization of well-known experimental facts and in constructing on the basis of their analysis of theoretical concepts of high-quality character. An unprecedented rapid increase in the possibilities of computing techniques led to the fact that the methods of high-level quantum chemistry, ensuring reliable quantitative information, became a real tool for the study of complex molecular and supramolecular structures comprising hundreds of atoms, including atoms of heavy elements. In this regard, non-empirical calculations of the LCAO SSP with correlation and relativistic amendments, as well as quantum chemical calculations using the density functional method in nonlocal approximations in extended and split bases, can now be used at the initial stages of the study, which is preceding with a synthetic experiment, which becomes much more targeted. With such calculations, students and graduate students can easily cope. There are very characteristic changes in the compositions of the best scientific teams leading experimental studies. They are increasingly organically involved in theoretical chemists. In high-level scientific publications, the description of new chemical objects or phenomena is given along with their detailed theoretical analysis. On the remarkable possibilities of computer modeling of the kinetics of complex multi-passage catalytic processes and amazing success achieved in this area, it is perfectly described in the article O.N.Tekin / 5 /.

Even a very brief and far incomplete list of major changes in the methodological arsenal of chemistry at the turn of the centuries, the above allows you to make a number of important and completely defined conclusions:

these changes are fundamental, principled;

the pace of development of new methods and techniques in chemistry in recent decades were and remain very high;

the new methodological arsenal has created the opportunity to put and successfully solve the chemical tasks of unprecedented difficulties in exceptionally short time.

It is appropriate, in my opinion, to argue that during this period, chemical studies have become the area of \u200b\u200blarge-scale use of a whole complex of new and the latest high technologies associated with the use of the most complex instruments. Obviously, the development of these technologies becomes one of the most important tasks in the preparation of a new generation of chemists.

2.information provision of chemical science and new information and communication technologies.

The time of doubling the scope of scientific chemical information, according to the latest estimates of I.V. Relikhov / 6 /, is now 11-12 years old. The number of scientific journals and their volumes, the number of monographs and reviews produced is growing rapidly. Studies for each of the actual scientific areas are simultaneously carried out in dozens of scientific teams of different countries. Free access to sources of scientific information, which has always been a necessary condition for productive scientific work, as well as the possibility of quickly sharing current information with colleagues in the new conditions of complete internationalization of science has become limiting factors that determine not only success, but also the feasibility of the implementation of any scientific project. Outside the continuous operational connection with the core of the scientific community, the researcher is now quickly turning into a marginal even if it receives high quality results. This situation is especially characteristic of the considerable part of Russian chemists who do not have access to the Internet and are rarely published in international chemical magazines. Their results are becoming known members of the international community with a temporary delay of several months, and sometimes they do not at all attract attention, being published in low-cost and low-state publications, in the number of which, unfortunately, still belongs to the majority of Russian chemical magazines. Wrong, albeit and valuable information almost does not affect the course of the global research process, and it began to be lost the main meaning of all scientific work. In the conditions of the poverty of our Internet libraries, it became the main source of scientific information, and email - the main communication channel. We must once again bow to George Soros, who first highlighted funds for connecting to the Internet of our universities and scientific institutions. Unfortunately, not all scientific teams have access to electronic communication channels, and will most likely pass, at least a decade, until the Internet becomes publicly available.

Today, our Russian scientific chemical community broke up into two unequal parts. Significant, probably, most researchers are experiencing an acute information hunger without having free access to information sources. This is sharply feeling, for example, the experts of the RFBR who have to review the initiative scientific projects. In the Competition of the Chemical Projects of 2000, for example, according to certain reputable experts who participated in their assessment, up to a third of the authors of projects did not have the latest information on the topic offered by them. In this regard, the work programs proposed by them were not optimal. The retardation with the processing of scientific information for them, according to the estimated estimates, could be from one and a half to two years. Moreover, projects aimed at solving problems that were either already resolved or in the light of the results obtained in adjacent regions have lost their relevance. Their authors, apparently, did not have access to modern information at least 4-5 years.

The second part of chemists scientists, to which I do and I feel the difficulties of another kind. It is in a state of constant information overload. Huge amounts of information simply overlook. Here is the most recent example of personal practice. When preparing a key publication in a new series of scientific works, I decided to thoroughly collect and analyze all the literature relating to the topic. Machine search on three databases for keywords for the period last 5 years revealed 677 sources with a total 5489 pages. Introduction of additional more stringent selection criteria reduced the number of sources to 235. Work with the essays of these scientific articles allowed to cut out another 47 not very significant publications. From the remaining 188 works earlier, I was previously known and I have already studied 143. Of the 45 new sources, 34 were available for direct viewing. In the first of the new works, I found a number of references to the works of its authors of an earlier period in which the problem studied by me was considered From other positions. Movement on the links to the origins has ultimately revealed another 55 sources. A quick viewing of two reviews that were included in their number was forced to enter another 27 jobs from related areas to explore. Of these, 17 were already present in the initial list of 677 sources. Thus, after a three-month very hard work, I had a list of 270 work, directly related to the problem. Among them were clearly allocated by the high quality of publication of 6 scientific groups. I wrote to the leaders of these teams about my main results and asked to send links to their latest work on the problem. Two answered that they no longer do it and did not publish anything new. Three sent 14 works, some of which were just completed and did not come out of the press. One of the colleagues did not respond to the request. Two of his colleagues in his letters mentioned the name of a young Japanese scientist, who began the study in the same direction only two years ago, had only 2 publications on the topic, but did, according to their reviews, a brilliant scientific report at the last international conference. I immediately wrote to him and received a list of 11 publications in response, in which the same research method was used, which I used, but with some additional modifications. He also drew my attention to some inaccuracies made in the text of my letter when setting out its own results. I have been working in detail only 203 work out of 295, which are directly related to the topic, I finally finish the preparation of publication. The list of literature turns out more than 100 items, which is completely unacceptable according to the rules of our magazines. Collection and processing of information took almost 10 months. Of this sufficiently typical history, in my opinion, four important outputs are:

For the collection and analysis of information on the research profile, the modern chemist should spend up to half and more working hours, which is twice or three times more than half a century ago.

Fast operational connection with colleagues working in the same area in different countries of the world, i.e. The inclusion in the "invisible scientific team" sharply increases the efficiency of such work.

An important task in the preparation of a new generation of chemists becomes mastery of modern information technologies.

The Language Training of the Young Generation of Specialists becomes extremely important.

Therefore, in its laboratory, we spend some colloquiums in English even if there are no foreign guests that we are not uncommon. Last year, students of my specialized group, learning that I read lecture courses abroad, asked me to read part of the course of organic chemistry in English. Experience, in general, it seemed interesting and successful to me. About half of the students not only well learned the material, but also actively participated in the discussion, attendance of lectures increased. However, about a quarter of students from the group, which hardly absorbed complex material even in Russian, this idea clearly did not like.

I also note that the situation described by me allows us to understand the origin of a well-known thesis on the dishonesty and cunning of our some foreign colleagues, which not actively quote the work of Russian chemists, allegedly to assign someone else's priority. The actual reason is the most severe information overload. It is clear that all the necessary work is to collect, read and quote is impossible. Of course, I always cite the work of those with whom I constantly cooperate, I exchange information, discuss the results before they are published. Sometimes, when my work was skipped, I had to send polite letters to colleagues with a request to correct the laughter. And she was always corrected, albeit without much pleasure. In turn, I once had to apologize for inattention.

3.Nour goals and new structure of the front of chemical scientific research.

About the new goals and new trends in the development of chemistry at the turn of centuries brilliantly wrote A.L. Buchechenko in his review / 7 /, and I will limit the short comment. The trend-marked tendency to integrate individual chemical disciplines in the past two decades indicates the achievement of the chemical science of the extent of the "golden maturity", when there are already available funds and resources to solve the traditional tasks of each of the regions. A bright example represents modern organic chemistry. Today, the synthesis of the organic molecule of any complexity can be carried out using the already developed methods. Therefore, even very complex tasks of this type can be considered as the tasks purely technical. Of course, it does not mean that the development of new methods of organic synthesis should be discontinued. The work of this type will always be relevant, but they are at the new stage not the main thing, but the background direction of the development of discipline. Eight general directions of modern chemical science are highlighted (chemical synthesis; chemical structure and function; chemical proceedings; chemical materials; chemical technology; chemical analytics and diagnosis; chemistry of life). In real scientific activities in each scientific project, private tasks relating to several general directions are always assisted to one degree or another. And this, in turn, requires very versatile preparation from each member of the scientific team.

It is also important to note that in each of the chemistry listed areas above, the transition to increasingly complex objects of the study is clearly traced. The focus is increasingly supramolecular systems and structures. A new phase of the development of chemical science, which began at the turn of the century, can be called the stage of supramolecular chemistry.

^ 4. The availability of Russian chemical science today.

Ten years of the so-called restructuring caused a terrible blow to Russian science as a whole and in Russian chemistry in particular. This is written a lot, and you should not repeat here. Unfortunately, it is necessary to state that among scientific teams who have proven their viability in new conditions, there are practically no former sectoral chemical institutions. The enormous potential of this industry is almost destroyed, and material and intellectual values \u200b\u200bare looted. The bench financing of academic and university chemistry, during the whole period limited to the salary at the level or below the subsistence minimum, led to a significant reduction in the number of employees. From universities and institutions, most of the energetic and talented youth took place. The average age of teachers of the overwhelming number of universities stepped over the critical mark of 60 years. There is a gap of generations - among employees of chemical institutions and teachers there are very few people at the most productive age of 30-40 years. Old professors and young graduate students, who often enter the graduate school only with one goal - will be free from service in the army.

Most scientific teams can be attributed to one of two types, although this division, of course, is very conditional. "Production scientific groups" perform new major independent research projects and receive significant amounts of primary information. "Expert scientific groups", as a rule, less in numbers than producing, but they also have in their composition very highly qualified specialists. They are focused on analyzing information flows, to generalize and systematize the results obtained in other scientific teams of the world. Accordingly, their scientific products are mostly reviews and monographs. Due to the colossal growth in the volume of scientific information of this kind, the work becomes very important if it is performed in compliance with the requirements that are presented to such secondary sources of information as a review and monograph / 8 /. In the conditions of Nishchen financing, the lack of modern scientific equipment and reduce the number in the Russian scientific chemical community, the number of production teams has decreased, and the number of expert teams has somewhat increased. In the work of most types of both types, the proportion of complex experimental studies fell. Such changes in the structure of the scientific community under adverse conditions are quite natural and reversible at a certain stage. In case of improving the situation, the expert team can easily be replenished with young people and turned into a producing. However, if the period of unfavorable conditions is delayed, expert groups are dying, since the leaders in them are senior scientists who stop scientific activities for natural reasons.

The share of works of Russian chemists in the total volume of research and in world information flows is quickly reduced. Our country can more consider himself a "great chemical power". For some decades, in connection with the departure of the leaders and the lack of an equivalent shift, we have already lost a significant number of scientific schools that have been proud of not only our, but also world science. Apparently, in the near future we will continue to lose them. In my opinion, the Russian chemical science today has reached a critical turn, behind which the community decay becomes avalanche-like and more non-controlling process.

This danger is clearly clearly recognized by the international scientific community, which is striving to provide our science at all channels. I have the impression that the persons, in our science and education, the power of the pre-war, fully realized the reality of such a collapse. After all, it is impossible, in fact, seriously expect that it can be prevented by implementing the support of scientific schools through the RFBR and the Integration Program. The fact that the funds allocated for these programs are significantly (for rough estimates, by an order) below the minimum limit, after which the effect of exposure becomes different from zero.

In response to the statement in such a tone in a conversation with a face close to the domineering structures designated above, I heard: "Do not boil in vain, read the" search ". Thank God, the worst times behind. Of course, the general background is still pretty badly, but there are completely prosperous scientific teams and entire institutions that have adapted to new conditions and demonstrate a noticeable increase in productivity. So you do not need to make a hysteria and bury our science. "

In fact, such teams exist. I am a list of ten such laboratories working closely on the subject of my scientific interests, climbed onto the Internet, worked in the library with the CHEMICAL Abstracts database. Here immediately abandoned the general peculiar features peculiar to these laboratories:

All ten teams have direct access to the Internet, five out of ten have well-decorated their own pages with fairly complete and updated information about work.

All ten laboratories are actively cooperating with foreign teams. Six have grants of international organizations, three perform research on contracts with major foreign firms.

More than half of the members of scientific teams, the information about which was found, was leaving abroad for at least once a year to participate in international conferences or for scientific work.

The work of nine out of ten laboratories is supported by the RFBR grants (on average 2 grant on the laboratory).

Six out of 10 laboratories represent the institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, but three of them are very actively involved in cooperation with the highest chemical college of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and therefore there are many students in their teams. Of the four university teams, three are headed by members of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

From 15% to 35% of scientific publications of laboratory managers over the past 5 years published in international journals. Five of them have published joint work during this period, and seven represented joint reports at scientific conferences with foreign colleagues.

In conclusion, I will say the most important thing - at the head of all these laboratories there are completely wonderful individuals. Highly cultured, versatile educated people who are passionate about their work.

A qualified reader will immediately notice that to make any conclusions of a general nature on the basis of such a small and unintended sample of scientific groups does not make sense. I confess that I have no complete data on other successfully working scientific teams of chemists in the country. It would be interesting to collect them and analyze. But according to his experience, not the most weak laboratory as a whole, I can responsibly declare that without participation in international cooperation, without permanent help from foreign colleagues, from which we received almost $ 4,000 over the last year of chemical reagents and books, Without permanent business trips, graduate students and students abroad, we could not work at all. The conclusion suggests itself:

Today, in the field of fundamental research in our chemical science, there are mainly teams that are included in the international scientific community, they have support from abroad, have free access to sources of scientific information. The integration of Russian chemicals in the restructuring of Russian chemistry is completed.

And if so, our criteria for the quality of scientific products must meet the highest international standards. Almost devoid of opportunities to acquire modern scientific equipment, we must focus on using the very limited possibilities of collective use centers and / or on the fulfillment of the most complex and delicate experiments abroad.

5. 5. Move to the problem of preparing our shift.

A lot about this is well stated in the article by the deans of the chemical faculties of two undoubtedly the best universities of the country / 9 /, and therefore you can not go into many details. Let's try to move in order in accordance with the list of questions formulated at the beginning of this note.

So who are they, young people sitting on a student bench in front of us? Fortunately, in the human population there is a small part of individuals who fate become scientists predetermined genetically. It is only necessary to find them and attract chemistry to class. Fortunately, there are old and glorious traditions of identifying talented guys through chemical olympiads in our country, through the creation of specialized classes and schools. Still live and actively work perfect enthusiasts of classes with gifted schoolchildren. Leading chemical universities that take the most active part in this work, contrary to the goat of the Ministry of Education, collect a truly golden harvest. Until a third of the students of the Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University in recent years already on 1 course determine the area of \u200b\u200btheir interests, and almost half begins scientific work to the beginning of the 3rd course.

The peculiarity of the new time is that, starting studying at the university, the young man often does not yet know, in which area he will have to work after the completion of education. Most researchers and engineers have to repeatedly change the area of \u200b\u200bactivity during the professional career. Therefore, the future specialist in a student bench must acquire solid skills in the ability to independently master the new areas of science. Independent individual work of the student is the basis of modern education. The main condition for the effectiveness of such work is the availability of good modern textbooks and textbooks. "Life time" of the modern textbook, apparently, should approximately equal to the time of doubling the scope of scientific information, i.e. It should be 11-12 years old. One of the main misfortunes of our education is that we have not only no new university textbooks on basic chemical disciplines, but there is even a catastrophically lack of old. An effective program for writing and printing textbooks for chemical disciplines for universities is necessary.

In gifted and well motivated students, there is a feature that R. Fifeman noted in his famous lectures. To them, such students, in essence, the standard education is not necessary. They need a medium about

Chesky and hee Miko-technological education The system of mastering in educational institutions in knowledge of chemistry and chemical technology, ways to apply them to solve engineering and technological and research tasks. It is divided into a general chemical education that ensures the knowledge of the foundations of chemical science, and a special chemical and, arming chemistry and chemical technology, the necessary specialists of higher and secondary qualifications for industrial activities, research and teaching work both in the field of chemistry and in the associated With it, branches of science and technology. Common chemical education is given in secondary school, secondary vocational and secondary special educational institutions. Special chemical and chemical and technological education is purchased in various higher and secondary special educational institutions (universities, institutes, technical schools, colleges). His tasks, the volume and maintenance depend on the training profile of specialists in them (chemical, mountainous, food, pharmaceutical, metallurgical industry, agriculture, medicine, heat and power, etc.). The content of chemical and varies depending on the development of chemistry and production requirements.

Improving the structure and content of chemical and chemical and technological education is associated with the scientific and pedagogical activities of many Soviet scientists - a .. E. Arbuzova, B. A. Arbuzova, A. N. Baha, S. I. Wolfkovich, N. D. Zelinsky , I. A. Kelyukova, V. A. Karhina, I. L. Knunyantsa, D. P. Konovalova, S. V. Lebedeva, S. S. Netkin, B. V. Nekrasova, A. N. Nesmeyanova, and . E. Prai-Koshitsa, A. N. Reformatsky, S. N. Reformatsky, N. N. Semenova, Ya. K. Syrkina, V. E. Tishchenko, A. E. Favorsky, etc. New achievements of chemical sciences are illuminated In special chemical magazines, helping to improve the scientific level of chemistry courses and chemical technology at the highest school. For teachers, the magazine "Chemistry at school" is published.

In other socialist countries, training specialists with chemical and chemical and technological education are carried out in universities and specialized universities. Large centers of such education are: in the NRB - Sofia University, Sofia; in VNI - Budapest University, Vespremsky; in GDR - Berlin, Dresden Technical, Rostock Universities, Magdeburg Higher Technical School; In Poland - Warsaw, Lodz, Lublin Universities, Warsaw Polytechnic Institute; in the CRP - Bucharest, Clojevsky Universities, Bucharest, and Polytechnic Institutions; In Czech Republic, Prague University, Prague, Pardubitskaya Higher Chemical and Technological School; In Sforge - Zagreb, Sarajevsky, Universities Split, etc.

In capitalist countries, large centers of chemical and chemical and technological education are: in the UK - Cambridge, Oxford, Batsky, Birmingham Universities, Manchester Polytechnic Institute; In Italy - Bologna, Milan Universities; In the USA - California, Colombian, Michigan Technological Universities, Toledo University, California, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; In France - Grenoblsky 1st, Marseille 1st, Clermont-Ferransky, Compa Technological, Lyon 1st, Montpered 2nd, Paris 6th and 7th Universities, Laurent, Toulouse Polytechnic Institutions; In Germany - Dortmund, Hannover, Stuttgart Universities, Higher Technical Schools in Darmstadt and Karlsruhe; In Japan - Kyoto, Okayamsky, Osaksky, Tokyo Universities, etc.

Lit.: Figurovsky N. A., Bykov G.V., Komarova T. A., Chemistry at Moscow University for 200 years, M., 1955; History of Chemical Sciences, M., 1958; Belnikov B. M., Ushakov G. I., University Education in the USSR, M., 1960; Zinoviev S. I., Belnikov B. M., Higher educational institutions of the USSR, [M.], 1962; Parmers K. Ya. Chemistry as a training subject in pre-revolutionary and Soviet school, M., 1963; Teaching chemistry on a new program in high school. [Sat. Art.], M., 1974; Jua M., History of Chemistry, Per. from Ital., M., 1975.