Presentation on the topic "the collapse of the USSR". Soviet Union. The reasons for the disintegration and their consequences. Liquidation of the collapse of the ussr and the formation of the cis presentation

Slide 3

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR

In the 70s-80s, the country was headed by the central bodies of the CPSU. Their main goal was the renewal of socialism, the essence of which was to unite socialism and democracy, which was to lead to a better socialism.

• General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev
• Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. I. Ryzhkov

Slide 4

To help implement the plans, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the party was created, which included: V.M. Chebrikov, E.K. Ligachev, B.N. Yeltsin, A.N. Yakovlev and E.A. Shevardnadze.

Slide 5

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR

Gorbachev saw the main lever on the road to better socialism in the acceleration of socio-economic development.

Slide 6

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR

Particular attention was paid to the machine-building industry, since during the reconstruction of the equipment of the national economic complex, two important issues would be resolved: housing and food.

Slide 7

The stake on enthusiasm, not supported by the necessary equipment and qualifications of workers, led not to an acceleration, but to a significant increase in accidents in various sectors of the national economy. The largest of these was the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986.

Slide 8

• Experiencing growing difficulties in the economy, the country's leadership, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev, since the summer of 1988, decided to reform the ossified political system of the USSR, which it regarded as the main link in the "mechanism of inhibition."
• At the first stage, the goal of political reform was to strengthen the leading role of the CPSU in society through revitalizing the Soviets, introducing elements of parliamentarism and separation of powers into the Soviet system.

Slide 9

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR

• In accordance with the decisions of the XIX All-Union Party Conference (June 1988), a new supreme body of power was established - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the corresponding republican congresses.

Slide 10

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR

• At the end of 1988, the system of elections to the Soviets was changed. The election of people's deputies should be carried out on an alternative basis. Elections to the supreme body of government took place in the spring of 1989.

Slide 11

The permanent Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the republics were formed from among the people's deputies. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev became the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (March 1989).

Slide 14

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR

• A commission headed by Yakovlev was created in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, the purpose of which was to further study the documents of the repressed in the 30s-50s. citizens. NI Bukharin, AI Rykov, LD Trotsky, LB Kamenev and many other prominent figures of the Soviet past were rehabilitated.
• A.N. Yakovlev, member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (1987-90)

Slide 15

• In the spring of 1990, the Gorbachev administration entered the second stage of political reforms. The distinctive features of this stage were:
• - recognition of shifts in public sentiment, in the real alignment of political forces and their legislative form (adoption in August 1990 of the law on the press, cancellation of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, official registration of political parties, etc.);

Slide 16

The introduction of a new highest public office - the President of the USSR and the concentration of power in the presidential apparatus at the expense of allied Soviet structures (Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet), which were losing control over the situation in the country and authority in society. III Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in March 1990 elected the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev;

Direct negotiations of the President of the USSR with the leadership of the republics on the conclusion of a new union treaty.

Slide 17

Causes of the collapse of the USSR

In the mid-1980s, the USSR included 15 republics: Armenian, Azerbaijan, Belarusian, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, RSFSR, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, Ukrainian and Estonian. More than 270 million people lived on its territory - representatives of more than 140 nationalities. With the beginning of "perestroika", changes began to take place in relations between the republics. The contradictions laid down during the formation of the USSR made themselves felt. The union republics had no real equality within the Soviet Union.

Slide 18

The weakening of state structures and the decline in the prestige of the Communist Party, which played the role of the "cementing principle" of the union state, led to the explosion of separatism. Glasnost "highlighted" carefully hidden pages of national relations. The facts of discrimination of entire peoples, their eviction from their places of residence have become known.

Slide 19

With the beginning of "perestroika", demands were made for the rehabilitation of the Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, and others. The central government, instead of satisfying these demands, regarded them as a manifestation of nationalism and brutally suppressed them. 1986 was the year of the first ethnic clashes in the Soviet era. On December 17-19, 1986, mass demonstrations and rallies against Russification were held in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan).

Slide 20

A wave of public discontent swept through the Baltic republics, Ukraine, and Belarus. In August 1987, in connection with the anniversary of the conclusion of the 1939 Soviet-German non-aggression pact, protest rallies and demonstrations were held here demanding the publication of documents on the deportation of the population from the Baltic states and from the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus during the collectivization period.

Slide 21

Another "hot spot" in national relations is the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of Azerbaijan - a territory populated mainly by Armenians. In October 1987, the Armenians living in Karabakh demanded reunification with Armenia. On February 20, 1988, a session of the regional council appealed to the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR with a request to transfer the region to Armenia, but they were refused. Armed clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis took place in Nagorno-Karabakh. The central government was unable to find a political compromise. The two republics actually found themselves at war with each other.

Slide 22

The events of April 8, 1989 in Tbilisi ended tragically. A demonstration organized in the city by nationalist forces demanding the secession of Georgia from the USSR was dispersed by troops, tear gas was used against the demonstrators. In June 1989, there were clashes between Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks. Clashes on ethnic grounds in 1989-1990 occurred in Sumgait, Sukhumi, Baku, Dushanbe, etc.

Slide 23

The growth of separatism was facilitated by the economic crisis, which paralyzed the national economy of all republics, and the collapse of economic ties. Nationalist forces accused the center of "siphoning funds" from the regions, calling first for economic sovereignty, and then for state independence.

Slide 24

The growth of separatist sentiments of the public, especially in the union republics, led to the emergence of popular fronts. In 1988-1989. popular fronts were created in most of the republics. In their program documents, they proclaimed the struggle for the establishment of full sovereignty in the republic, for the revision of the secret agreements of 1939.

Slide 25

In November 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted amendments and additions to the Constitution of the republic, according to which the supremacy of republican laws over all-Union laws was enshrined. The Declaration of Estonian Sovereignty was also adopted. On November 17-18, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR adopted an addendum to the Constitution on granting the Lithuanian language the status of the state language. In May 1989, a similar law and the Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted in Latvia. In 1990, practically all republics adopted declarations of sovereignty.

Slide 26

The events in the Russian Federation in 1990-1991 had a huge impact on the collapse of the USSR. After the proclamation of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia by the first Congress of People's Deputies of Russia in June 1990, the struggle between the Union and Republican leadership entered a new phase.

Slide 27

In November 1990, Yeltsin accused the Union leadership of opposing economic reforms, declared that Russia would independently move to the market, and raised the issue of redistributing all-Union property. A "war of laws" begins between the central and republican leadership. The practice of bilateral ties between the republics emerged, bypassing the union center, which was becoming unnecessary. In September, such agreements on all-round cooperation were signed by Russia with Georgia, Moldova and the Baltic states.

Slide 28

In an effort to weaken the center, Yeltsin supports the rise of separatism in the Russian autonomies. During his trip to Russia in August 1990, he called on the leaders of the autonomies to take as much sovereignty as they can "digest." Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Yakutia and many others also raise the issue of their sovereignty. The conclusion of a new union treaty is becoming a vital necessity.

Slide 29

Novo - Ogarevsky process

The preparation of its draft begins in August 1990. Representatives of 12 union republics, with the exception of the Baltic republics, took part in it. On March 17, 1991, an all-Union referendum was held on the preservation of the USSR, which read as follows: “Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in which the rights and freedom of a person of any nationality will be fully guaranteed ". Of those who took part in the voting, 148.6 million people. (80% of those who had the right to vote) 113.5 million people supported the preservation of the Union. (76.4%).

Slide 30

• After the referendum, the development of the draft Union Treaty went faster. April 23, 1991 in Novo-Ogarevo (country residence
• M.S. Gorbachev), a meeting of the leaders of 9 union republics and
• M.S. Gorbachev. The leaders of the Baltic republics, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova did not take part in the negotiations.

Slide 31

Here, a fundamental agreement was reached on the development of such an agreement, but significant disagreements emerged about the balance of powers between the republics and the center. Further work on the text of the Union Treaty was called the "Novo-Ogarev process". In June the project was ready and published in August in the press. His articles were controversial enough. The Soviet Union as a single state actually ceased to exist. Union republics became independent subjects of international law, their powers were significantly expanded, they could freely enter and leave the USSR.

Slide 32

The center was transformed from a manager into a coordinating one. In reality, only questions of defense, financial policy, internal affairs, and partially tax and social policy remained in the hands of the union leadership. Some of the issues belonged to the joint union-republican competence (first of all, the adoption of new legislative acts, the determination of the amount of tax deductions for the needs of the center, as well as the main directions of their spending). All other aspects of the life of society were within the competence of the republics. The abbreviation USSR stands for the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics. The signing of the agreement was scheduled for August 20, but due to a sharp change in the political situation in the country, it was never signed.

Slide 33

This project did not suit the top leaders of the CPSU and the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, who, on the eve of its publication, demanded extraordinary powers and did not receive them at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. But at the same time, this document no longer satisfied the newly elected President of Russia and the radical democrats. Thus, Gorbachev experienced sharp pressure from both the top allied leadership, especially the heads of the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the USSR Ministry of Defense, and from the radical wing of supporters of the continuation of democratic reforms.

Slide 34

August 1991 coup

In order to disrupt the signing of this agreement and preserve their powers of power, part of the top party and state leadership tried to seize power. On August 18, several "siloviks" came to MS, who was vacationing in Foros in the Crimea. Gorbachev was asked to sign a decree on the introduction of a state of emergency in the country, but they were refused. Returning to Moscow, they announced that Gorbachev could not act as President of the USSR "for health reasons" and that his powers were transferred to Vice President G.I. Yanaev.

Slide 35

On August 19, 1991, a state of emergency was declared in the country. Troops, including tanks, were brought into the streets of Moscow and a number of other large cities; almost all central newspapers, with the exception of Pravda, Izvestia, Truda and some others, were banned. All the channels of the Central Television stopped working, except for the 1st program, and almost all radio stations. The activities of all parties, except for the CPSU, were suspended. Around the building of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR ("White House"), troops were concentrated, which were supposed to occupy the building, disperse the parliament and arrest its most active participants.

Slide 36

The coup was headed by the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP) consisting of: and. O. President of the USSR G.I. Yanaev, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council O.D. Baklanov, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov, USSR Prime Minister V.S. Pavlov, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR B.K. Pugo, Chairman of the Peasant Union of the USSR V.A. Starodubtsev, USSR Minister of Defense D.T. Yazov and President of the Association of State Enterprises A.I. Tizyakov. He saw the main task of the coup d'etat in the restoration of the order in the USSR that existed before 1985, i.e. in the elimination of the multi-party system, commercial structures, in the destruction of the seeds of democracy.

Slide 37

But the coup failed. The population of the country basically refused to support the State Emergency Committee, while the army did not want to use force against the citizens of its state. Already on August 20, barricades were erected around the "White House", on which there were several tens of thousands of people, part of the military units went over to the side of the defenders. On August 22, the coup was defeated, and the members of the State Emergency Committee were arrested.

Slide 38

Practically in all large cities, mass demonstrations against the CPSU took place, which served as a convenient reason for the suspension of the activities of the CPSU in the country. By order of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin, the buildings of the Central Committee of the CPSU, regional committees, district committees, archives, etc. were closed and sealed. On August 23, 1991, the CPSU ceased to exist as a ruling state structure. Simultaneously with the termination of the activities of the CPSU by decree of the President of the RSFSR, a number of newspapers were temporarily closed, primarily Pravda, Trud, Sovetskaya Rossiya and some others. But soon they were reopened as a result of public outcry.

Slide 39

After the defeat of the putsch, the disintegration of the USSR, which began in the late 1980s, took on an avalanche-like character. There were no influential forces in society capable of preserving the USSR. Since September 1991, the former Soviet Union no longer existed. Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia became completely independent states, they were officially recognized by Russia and some other countries. Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova also sought to pursue a completely independent course.

Slide 40

Belovezhskaya agreement

The collapse of the USSR was completed by the Belovezhskaya agreements. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the three Slavic republics - Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, which were the founding states of the USSR, announced that the USSR as "a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist." At the same time, a joint statement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was agreed.

Slide 43

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR

As a result of the signing of the Belovezhskaya agreements, all existing ties between the union republics were severed. First of all, the severance of these ties affected the lives of people in the post-Soviet space. National relations escalated sharply, which led to interethnic clashes in almost all union republics.

Slide 44

There is an aggravation of the social consequences of the political and economic crisis, there is a sharp increase in nationalism, discrimination against the Russian-speaking population and the Russian language in the republics of the former Soviet Union. All these consequences of the collapse of the USSR plunged millions of people into despair and led to a sharp differentiation of society into rich and poor, an unprecedented increase in the flow of refugees.

Slide 45

• In the first years after the collapse of the USSR, the following was observed: a (temporary) drop in production volumes, the collapse of the financial system;
• the decline of law and order, the disappearance of social institutions, old political formations, the entire system of statehood.
• Russia's access to external markets for consumers of its energy resources has become less guaranteed. The situation with access to seaports has become more complicated.

Slide 46

The entire system of international relations has become less stable and less predictable. The threat of a world war, including a nuclear war, has moved aside, but the likelihood of local wars and armed conflicts has increased. Russia is now experiencing this - the Chechen war.

View all slides

Decay the USSR

and education

Completed by the teacher of history and social studies

ININA LYUDMILA SERGEEVNA

Inin's knowledge

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

To form knowledge on the topic, highlight the causes and consequences of the collapse of the union formation, find out the reasons for the failure of attempts to conclude a new union treaty, show the role of the individual in history, achieve the assimilation of knowledge about the principles and criteria for the formation of the CIS

Developing:

Develop analytical thinking, attentiveness, the ability to work with statistical data and documents

Educational:

To foster patriotism, initiative, a sense of personal responsibility for the future of the country

"We enter the future by looking back at the past"

P. Valerie

The past is a rather relative concept. The difficulty lies in the fact that every day in the world and in our country there is a mass of events and phenomena, there is an accumulation of facts.

Tomorrow they will be mentioned in the past tense and not all of them will become truly historical, fateful.

And only history, having passed them through the "sieve" of time, will leave the "buildings" and remove the "scaffolding" ...

Basic concepts:

• Federation
• Declaration
• Sovereignty
• Referendum
• Legitimacy
• Putsch
• GKChP

On May 17, 1985, Gorbachev spoke at Smolny in Leningrad - the very place where Lenin proclaimed the victory of Bolshevism in 1917 - announced a new revolution: "We all, from worker to minister, must change our position."

But ... The economy and the Union lay in ruins, and the new system did not work.

Gorbachev found himself in a paradoxical situation: everything he did led to unexpected results.

Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich

(born March 2, 1931, Stavropol Territory), Soviet and Russian statesman and public figure. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1985-91, President of the USSR in 1990-91. The initiator of perestroika, which led to significant changes in the life of the country and the world (glasnost, political pluralism, the end of the Cold War, etc.). Nobel Peace Prize (1990).

In a crisis situation, a conflict arose between Gorbachev and Yeltsin (newly elected president of Russia).

Gorbachev was now regarded as a reactionary who tried update the old system .

Bold Yeltsin I only wanted one thing - end the system .

Gorbachev was not “weak” at all - otherwise he would not have made such a career. Gorbachev was stronger than Yeltsin in the apparatus struggle.

Boris Yeltsin

(b. February 1, 1931, village Butka, Talitsky district, Sverdlovsk region), Russian statesman, chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1990-1991), first president of the Russian Federation (1991-1999), leader of the democratic movement con. 1980s - early 1990s, leader of the resistance during the August putsch (1991), one of the initiators of the Belovezhskaya agreements (1991) on the liquidation of the USSR and the creation of the CIS, the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993).

Let's think it over!

What statement can be attributed to the politics and behavior of M.S. Gorbachev and B.N. Yeltsin:

• "I am the type of person who wants to wash the flag instead of burning it."(N. Thomas)
• "Seeing is easy, hard to foresee"

(V. Franklin)

M. S. Gorbachev (President of the USSR)

B.N. Yeltsin

(President of Russia)

acting in conditions

dramatic confrontation

"Persuasion" that irritated those who were persuaded by "round" compromise speeches,

actions outside informal movements

decisive action, mobilizing protest groups of the population to their side,

bold radical steps (often populist) that generated massive support

However, Yeltsin's victory did not lead unequivocally to the disintegration of the Union.

Back in March 1991, Yeltsin announced about the referendum on the integrity of the Union: “ No matter how the referendum ends, the Union will not fall apart. Don't scare people! No need to sow panic in this regard! "

Democratic movements did not seek the collapse of the USSR.

In 1991, a political and economic crisis developed within the USSR.

The country's leadership decided to resolve the crisis by changing the power structure and expanding the powers of the President of the USSR.

Gorbachev pinned special hopes on a new union treaty, which meant the creation of a truly federal state.

The collapse of the USSR had several objective reasons:

• strengthening of ethno-national contradictions in the 1980s,
• severe economic crisis,
• weakening of the central power of the USSR (union center) during perestroika.

At the same time, these factors could not necessarily lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union, but would only change its shape, while several republics would most likely have left the USSR.

The prologue of the collapse of the USSR was the liberation of the former union republics from the omnipotence of the union center.

On June 12, 1990, the 1st Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Russian Federation.

They talked about the desire to create a democratic rule of law as part of a renewed union.

In March 1991, the referendum on the preservation of the USSR

Took part

Refused

9 republics

3 Baltic republics (Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia);

Georgia, Armenia, Moldova

According to the results of 1956, the USSR included 15 republics

• The process of sovereignization of the republics
• Unwillingness of the union center to take into account the interests of the republics
• For 6 years of perestroika, none of the goals has been fully resolved.
• Opposition was no longer satisfied with Gorbachev's hesitation and contradictions
• The USSR was created as a federal state, but in fact became unitary (ruled from the center)

Federal state

Union of sovereign states, union laws are binding on everyone, subjects have their own governments

Power

control

Gorbachev(was on vacation on the island of Foros) removed from power, created GKChP(Yanaev, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pavlov, Pugo, etc.)

The coup was carried out by the communists, dissatisfied with the speed and, most importantly, the direction of change.

• Due to the impossibility for health reasons, M.S. Gorbachev duties of the President of the USSR and the transition of the President of the USSR to Vice-President of the USSR Yanaev Gennady Ivanovich;
• in order to overcome a deep and comprehensive crisis, political, interethnic and civil confrontation, chaos and anarchy that threaten the life and safety of citizens of the Soviet Union, sovereignty, territorial integrity, freedom and independence of our Fatherland;

• proceeding from the results of a popular referendum on the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
• guided by vital interests of the peoples of our Motherland, all Soviet people ,

We declare:

• 1. meeting the demands of the general population on the need to take the most decisive measures to

overcoming the slide of society towards a nationwide catastrophe, ensuring law and order, introduce a state of emergency in certain areas of the USSR for a period of 6 months from 4:00 Moscow time on August 19, 1991.

2. To establish that the Constitution of the USSR and the laws of the Union of the USSR have unconditional supremacy over the entire territory of the USSR.

• 3. To govern the country and effectively implement the emergency

provisions to form the state committee for the state of emergency in the USSR ( GKChP USSR )

• 4. To establish that the decisions of the State Emergency Committee of the USSR are obligatory for strict implementation by all bodies of power and administration, officials and citizens throughout the territory of the USSR.

Yanaev Pavlov Baklanov

GKChP actions

State of emergency in the Russian Federation

Prohibition of demonstrations,

suspension of work of parties

Control over the media

Troops entered Moscow

GKChP lasted 3 days (up to 21 August), organized resistance of the democratic forces led by Yeltsin (made a speech, standing on the tank).

Barricades were being built near the White House, shooting was not without, 3 young men were killed. It became clear that people did not support the coup.

In the morning, 21 members of the Emergency Committee fled to Crimea - to ask for forgiveness from Gorbachev for their mistakes.

They were arrested, Gorbachev returned to the capital .

According to Gorbachev, he returned "to another country"

Consequences of the August events:

• Weakening central authority
• Her authority has been undermined
• The republics strive for independence has increased
• The collapse of the USSR accelerated
• Complete rejection of communism

August 23 Yeltsin by his decree suspended the activities of the CPSU , 6 November 1991 it was announced banning the Communist Party and Yeltsin formed a new government.

After these events, Gorbachev resigned from the post of General Secretary of the CPSU, still while remaining president of the USSR .

Yeltsin received emergency powers.

The USSR was living out its last months ...

• in September 1991, the independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia was recognized
• December 3 Russia recognized the independence of Ukraine
• by the end of the year, all union republics and some autonomous
• these events were called the "parade of sovereignties"

Creation of the CIS

• December 8, 1991 years in Belovezhskaya Pushcha near Minsk, the leaders of the Russian Federation (Yeltsin), Belarus - Shushkevich and Ukraine (Kravchuk) signed an agreement on the CIS .
• According to the CIS project, it is not even a confederation, but a union of completely independent states .

Three politicians "promptly" completed the destruction of the USSR.

December 21 in Almaty 8 more former Soviet republics joined the CIS, except for the Baltic countries and Georgia.

On December 24, the place of the USSR in the United Nations was taken by Russia, to which the rights of a permanent member of the UN Security Council also passed.

• December 25 Soviet President Gorbachev officially handed over the "nuclear briefcase" and secret archives to the Russian president. Gorbachev addressed the people with a farewell speech on Central Television, stating that leaves the presidency "for reasons of principle" in connection with disagreement with the liquidation of the union state.
• December 26 at the last meeting of the Council of Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a declaration was adopted stating the termination of the existence of the USSR as a state and a subject of international law.

The country, of which he was the head, ceased to exist.

He was an idealist, planning to make radical changes, but destroyed what he wanted to change, and turned out to be superfluous ...

What to do if the price of reforms was the disintegration of the country?

Alternatives ...

Commonwealth of Independent

States

(CIS)

Advantages of the USSR

Federation of sovereign republics with the right to secede

Soviet space program

In 1937 2nd place in the world in industrial production (after the USA)

The state-cultivated sense of pride in its country - "the largest and strongest"

GOELRO plan became the locomotive of industrialization

Illiteracy has been completely eradicated by 1959

Development of the Northern Sea Route

Cons of the USSR

The republics' right to secede was not legally ensured

Planned economy, an attempt to plan everything and everyone

Liquidation of private property and the absence of real wages for labor

Command and control system that controlled everything

Denial of genetics and cybernetics

Mass repression, ban on dissent

The militarization of the economy, the shortage of everything except tanks and machine guns

• The emergence of independent sovereign states
• Changes in the geopolitical situation in Europe and around the world
• A new stage in the formation of Russian statehood

Output:

The collapse of the USSR was historically predetermined . World experience shows that multinational states are viable only under conditions of despotism, totalitarianism and authoritarianism. The preservation of the USSR during the crisis, the destruction of the administrative system and the sovereignization of the republics was impossible.

The time itself demanded new forms of unification ...

Afterword ...

"What this century will not understand, the next will understand"

G. Lichtenberg

« For millennia, a state has been created brick by brick, one hour can turn it into dust "

D. Byron

Coded test:

Exercise: if the teacher's statement, in your opinion, is correct, then put “+” next to the question number, if not, put “-”.

• In the 1990s, a crisis was brewing in the USSR
• It was decided to change the structure of power
• The beginning of the collapse of the USSR was the "cold war"
• Sovereignty - direction of economic policy

6. Referendum on the fate of the USSR held in March 1992

9. Yanaev, Pavlov, Yazov, Pugo created GKChP

10. Resistance to the putschists was organized by democratic forces headed by Boris Yeltsin.

11. Gorbachev M.S. Served as President of Russia

12. An alternative to the USSR was CIS

14. The decision to create the CIS was legitimate

15. CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States

16. Georgia and the Baltic former union republics were not included in the CIS

18. The collapse of the USSR was an accident

Mutual verification:

• + 2) + 3) - 4) - 5) +

6) - 7) - 8) + 9) + 10) +

11) - 12) + 13) + 14) - 15) +

16) + 17) + 18) -

Assignment to students:

Find the following words in the anti-crossword puzzle:

the USSR CIS putsch Yeltsin

Gorbachev sovereignty of the CCHR

declaration decay

alternative

Slide 1

The collapse of the USSR

Slide 2

Plan
1. Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR 2. Reasons for the collapse of the USSR 3. Novo - Ogarev process 4. August coup of 1991 5. Belovezhsky agreement 6. Consequences of the collapse of the USSR

Slide 3

Preconditions for the collapse of the USSR In the 70s-80s, the country was headed by the central bodies of the CPSU. Their main goal was the renewal of socialism, the essence of which was to unite socialism and democracy, which was to lead to a better socialism.
General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. I. Ryzhkov

Slide 4

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
To help implement the plans, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the party was created, which included: V.M. Chebrikov, E.K. Ligachev, B.N. Yeltsin, A.N. Yakovlev and E.A. Shevardnadze.

Slide 5

The prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR Gorbachev saw the main lever on the path to better socialism in the acceleration of socio-economic development.

Slide 6

Preconditions for the collapse of the USSR Particular attention was paid to the machine-building industry, since during the reconstruction of the equipment of the national economic complex, two important issues would be solved: housing and food.

Slide 7

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
The stake on enthusiasm, not supported by the necessary equipment and qualifications of workers, led not to an acceleration, but to a significant increase in accidents in various sectors of the national economy. The largest of these was the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986.

Slide 8

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
Experiencing growing difficulties in the economy, the country's leadership, headed by Mikhail Gorbachev, since the summer of 1988, decided to reform the ossified political system of the USSR, which it regarded as the main link in the "mechanism of inhibition." At the first stage, the goal of political reform was to strengthen the leading role of the CPSU in society through revitalizing the Soviets, introducing elements of parliamentarism and separation of powers into the Soviet system.

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Preconditions for the collapse of the USSR In accordance with the decisions of the XIX All-Union Party Conference (June 1988), a new supreme body of power was established - the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the corresponding republican congresses.

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Preconditions for the collapse of the USSR At the end of 1988, the system of elections to the Soviets was changed. The election of people's deputies should be carried out on an alternative basis. Elections to the supreme body of government took place in the spring of 1989.

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
The permanent Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the republics were formed from among the people's deputies. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev became the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (March 1989).

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Preconditions for the collapse of the USSR This was a burst of social activity of the population: mass rallies, discussions in newspapers about the choice of the path of social development, associations in support of "perestroika".

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Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
A commission headed by Yakovlev was created in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, the purpose of which was to further study the documents of the repressed in the 30s-50s. citizens. NI Bukharin, AI Rykov, LD Trotsky, LB Kamenev and many other prominent figures of the Soviet past were rehabilitated.
A.N. Yakovlev, member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (1987-90)

Slide 15

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
In the spring of 1990, the Gorbachev administration entered the second stage of political reforms. Distinctive features of this stage were: - recognition of shifts in public sentiment, in the real alignment of political forces and their legislative form (adoption in August 1990 of the law on the press, cancellation of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, official registration of political parties, etc.);

Slide 16

Prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR
- the introduction of a new highest public office - the President of the USSR and the concentration of power in the presidential apparatus at the expense of allied Soviet structures (Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet), which were losing control over the situation in the country and authority in society. III Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in March 1990 elected the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev; - direct negotiations between the President of the USSR and the leadership of the republics on the conclusion of a new union treaty.

Slide 17

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
In the mid-1980s, the USSR included 15 republics: Armenian, Azerbaijan, Belarusian, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, RSFSR, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, Ukrainian and Estonian. More than 270 million people lived on its territory - representatives of more than 140 nationalities. With the beginning of "perestroika", changes began to take place in relations between the republics. The contradictions laid down during the formation of the USSR made themselves felt. The union republics had no real equality within the Soviet Union.

Slide 18

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
The weakening of state structures and the decline in the prestige of the Communist Party, which played the role of the "cementing principle" of the union state, led to the explosion of separatism. Glasnost "highlighted" carefully hidden pages of national relations. The facts of discrimination of entire peoples, their eviction from their places of residence have become known.

Slide 19

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
With the beginning of "perestroika", demands were made for the rehabilitation of the Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, and others. The central government, instead of satisfying these demands, regarded them as a manifestation of nationalism and brutally suppressed them. 1986 was the year of the first ethnic clashes in the Soviet era. On December 17-19, 1986, mass demonstrations and rallies against Russification were held in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan).

Slide 20

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
A wave of public discontent swept through the Baltic republics, Ukraine, and Belarus. In August 1987, in connection with the anniversary of the conclusion of the 1939 Soviet-German non-aggression pact, protest rallies and demonstrations were held here demanding the publication of documents on the deportation of the population from the Baltic states and from the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus during the collectivization period.

Slide 21

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
Another "hot spot" in national relations is the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of Azerbaijan - a territory populated mainly by Armenians. In October 1987, the Armenians living in Karabakh demanded reunification with Armenia. On February 20, 1988, a session of the regional council appealed to the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR with a request to transfer the region to Armenia, but they were refused. Armed clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis took place in Nagorno-Karabakh. The central government was unable to find a political compromise. The two republics actually found themselves at war with each other.

Slide 22

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
The events of April 8, 1989 in Tbilisi ended tragically. A demonstration organized in the city by nationalist forces demanding the secession of Georgia from the USSR was dispersed by troops, tear gas was used against the demonstrators. In June 1989, there were clashes between Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks. Clashes on ethnic grounds in 1989-1990 occurred in Sumgait, Sukhumi, Baku, Dushanbe, etc.

Slide 23

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
The growth of separatism was facilitated by the economic crisis, which paralyzed the national economy of all republics, and the collapse of economic ties. Nationalist forces accused the center of "siphoning funds" from the regions, calling first for economic sovereignty, and then for state independence.

Slide 24

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
The growth of separatist sentiments of the public, especially in the union republics, led to the emergence of popular fronts. In 1988-1989. popular fronts were created in most of the republics. In their program documents, they proclaimed the struggle for the establishment of full sovereignty in the republic, for the revision of the secret agreements of 1939.

Slide 25

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
In November 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted amendments and additions to the Constitution of the republic, according to which the supremacy of republican laws over all-Union laws was enshrined. The Declaration of Estonian Sovereignty was also adopted. On November 17-18, the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR adopted an addendum to the Constitution on granting the Lithuanian language the status of the state language. In May 1989, a similar law and the Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted in Latvia. In 1990, practically all republics adopted declarations of sovereignty.

Slide 26

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
The events in the Russian Federation in 1990-1991 had a huge impact on the collapse of the USSR. After the proclamation of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia by the first Congress of People's Deputies of Russia in June 1990, the struggle between the Union and Republican leadership entered a new phase.

Slide 27

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
In November 1990, Yeltsin accused the Union leadership of opposing economic reforms, declared that Russia would independently move to the market, and raised the issue of redistributing all-Union property. A "war of laws" begins between the central and republican leadership. The practice of bilateral ties between the republics emerged, bypassing the union center, which was becoming unnecessary. In September, such agreements on all-round cooperation were signed by Russia with Georgia, Moldova and the Baltic states.

Slide 28

Causes of the collapse of the USSR
In an effort to weaken the center, Yeltsin supports the rise of separatism in the Russian autonomies. During his trip to Russia in August 1990, he called on the leaders of the autonomies to take as much sovereignty as they can "digest." Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Yakutia and many others also raise the issue of their sovereignty. The conclusion of a new union treaty is becoming a vital necessity.

Slide 29

Novo - Ogarevsky process
The preparation of its draft begins in August 1990. Representatives of 12 union republics, with the exception of the Baltic republics, took part in it. On March 17, 1991, an all-Union referendum was held on the preservation of the USSR, which read as follows: “Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in which the rights and freedom of a person of any nationality will be fully guaranteed ". Of those who took part in the voting, 148.6 million people. (80% of those who had the right to vote) 113.5 million people supported the preservation of the Union. (76.4%).

Slide 30

Novo - Ogarevsky process
After the referendum, the development of the draft Union Treaty went faster. On April 23, 1991, in Novo-Ogaryovo (the country residence of M.S.Gorbachev), a meeting of the leaders of 9 union republics and M.S. Gorbachev. The leaders of the Baltic republics, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova did not take part in the negotiations.

Slide 31

Novo - Ogarevsky process
Here, a fundamental agreement was reached on the development of such an agreement, but significant disagreements emerged about the balance of powers between the republics and the center. Further work on the text of the Union Treaty was called the "Novo-Ogarev process". In June the project was ready and published in August in the press. His articles were controversial enough. The Soviet Union as a single state actually ceased to exist. Union republics became independent subjects of international law, their powers were significantly expanded, they could freely enter and leave the USSR.

Slide 32

Novo - Ogarevsky process
The center was transformed from a manager into a coordinating one. In reality, only questions of defense, financial policy, internal affairs, and partially tax and social policy remained in the hands of the union leadership. Some of the issues belonged to the joint union-republican competence (first of all, the adoption of new legislative acts, the determination of the amount of tax deductions for the needs of the center, as well as the main directions of their spending). All other aspects of the life of society were within the competence of the republics. The abbreviation USSR stands for the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics. The signing of the agreement was scheduled for August 20, but due to a sharp change in the political situation in the country, it was never signed.

Slide 33

Novo - Ogarevsky process
This project did not suit the top leaders of the CPSU and the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, who, on the eve of its publication, demanded extraordinary powers and did not receive them at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. But at the same time, this document no longer satisfied the newly elected President of Russia and the radical democrats. Thus, Gorbachev experienced sharp pressure from both the top allied leadership, especially the heads of the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the USSR Ministry of Defense, and from the radical wing of supporters of the continuation of democratic reforms.

Slide 34

August 1991 coup
In order to disrupt the signing of this agreement and preserve their powers of power, part of the top party and state leadership tried to seize power. On August 18, several "siloviks" came to MS, who was vacationing in Foros in the Crimea. Gorbachev was asked to sign a decree on the introduction of a state of emergency in the country, but they were refused. Returning to Moscow, they announced that Gorbachev could not act as President of the USSR "for health reasons" and that his powers were transferred to Vice President G.I. Yanaev.

Slide 35

August 1991 coup
On August 19, 1991, a state of emergency was declared in the country. Troops, including tanks, were brought into the streets of Moscow and a number of other large cities; almost all central newspapers, with the exception of Pravda, Izvestia, Truda and some others, were banned. All the channels of the Central Television stopped working, except for the 1st program, and almost all radio stations. The activities of all parties, except for the CPSU, were suspended. Around the building of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR ("White House"), troops were concentrated, which were supposed to occupy the building, disperse the parliament and arrest its most active participants.

Slide 36

August 1991 coup
The coup was headed by the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP) consisting of: and. O. President of the USSR G.I. Yanaev, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council O.D. Baklanov, Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov, USSR Prime Minister V.S. Pavlov, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR B.K. Pugo, Chairman of the Peasant Union of the USSR V.A. Starodubtsev, USSR Minister of Defense D.T. Yazov and President of the Association of State Enterprises A.I. Tizyakov. He saw the main task of the coup d'etat in the restoration of the order in the USSR that existed before 1985, i.e. in the elimination of the multi-party system, commercial structures, in the destruction of the seeds of democracy.

Slide 37

August 1991 coup
But the coup failed. The population of the country basically refused to support the State Emergency Committee, while the army did not want to use force against the citizens of its state. Already on August 20, barricades were erected around the "White House", on which there were several tens of thousands of people, part of the military units went over to the side of the defenders. On August 22, the coup was defeated, and the members of the State Emergency Committee were arrested.

Slide 38

August 1991 coup
Practically in all large cities, mass demonstrations against the CPSU took place, which served as a convenient reason for the suspension of the activities of the CPSU in the country. By order of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin, the buildings of the Central Committee of the CPSU, regional committees, district committees, archives, etc. were closed and sealed. On August 23, 1991, the CPSU ceased to exist as a ruling state structure. Simultaneously with the termination of the activities of the CPSU by decree of the President of the RSFSR, a number of newspapers were temporarily closed, primarily Pravda, Trud, Sovetskaya Rossiya and some others. But soon they were reopened as a result of public outcry.

Slide 39

August 1991 coup
After the defeat of the putsch, the disintegration of the USSR, which began in the late 1980s, took on an avalanche-like character. There were no influential forces in society capable of preserving the USSR. Since September 1991, the former Soviet Union no longer existed. Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia became completely independent states, they were officially recognized by Russia and some other countries. Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova also sought to pursue a completely independent course.

Slide 40

Belovezhskaya agreement
The collapse of the USSR was completed by the Belovezhskaya agreements. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the three Slavic republics - Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, which were the founding states of the USSR, announced that the USSR as "a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist." At the same time, a joint statement on the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was agreed.

Slide 41

Belovezhskaya agreement
On December 21, 1991, at a meeting in Alma-Ata, the heads of 11 former Soviet republics signed a Declaration in support of the Belovezhskaya Agreements and announced the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States with coordinating functions and without any joint legislative, executive or judicial bodies. The Baltic republics, as well as Georgia, avoided participating in the CIS.

Slide 42

Belovezhskaya agreement
In connection with the termination of the existence of the USSR on December 25, 1991 at 19 o'clock, the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev spoke on television announcing his resignation. After that, the red flag of the USSR over the Kremlin was replaced by a tricolor Russian one. An entire era in the history of our country has ended.

Slide 43

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
As a result of the signing of the Belovezhskaya agreements, all existing ties between the union republics were severed. First of all, the severance of these ties affected the lives of people in the post-Soviet space. National relations escalated sharply, which led to interethnic clashes in almost all union republics.

Slide 44

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
There is an aggravation of the social consequences of the political and economic crisis, there is a sharp increase in nationalism, discrimination against the Russian-speaking population and the Russian language in the republics of the former Soviet Union. All these consequences of the collapse of the USSR plunged millions of people into despair and led to a sharp differentiation of society into rich and poor, an unprecedented increase in the flow of refugees.

Slide 45

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
In the first years after the collapse of the USSR, the following was observed: a (temporary) drop in production volumes, the collapse of the financial system; the decline of law and order, the disappearance of social institutions, old political formations, the entire system of statehood. Russia's access to external markets for consumers of its energy resources has become less guaranteed. The situation with access to seaports has become more complicated.

Slide 46

Consequences of the collapse of the USSR
The entire system of international relations has become less stable and less predictable. The threat of a world war, including a nuclear war, has moved aside, but the likelihood of local wars and armed conflicts has increased. Russia is now experiencing this - the Chechen war.

Introduction At the moment, there is no consensus on what the prerequisites for the collapse of the USSR are. However, most scientists agree that their beginnings were laid in the very ideology of the Bolsheviks, who, albeit in many respects formally, recognized the right of nations to self-determination. The weakening of the central government provoked the formation of new power centers on the outskirts of the state. It should be noted that similar processes took place at the very beginning of the 20th century, during the period of revolutions and the collapse of the Russian Empire.

In short, the reasons for the collapse of the USSR are as follows: the crisis provoked by the planned nature of the economy and led to a shortage of many consumer goods; unsuccessful, largely ill-considered, reforms that led to a sharp deterioration in living standards; massive public discontent with food supply interruptions; the growing gap in the standard of living between the citizens of the USSR and the citizens of the countries of the capitalist camp; aggravation of national contradictions; weakening of central authority; the authoritarian nature of Soviet society, including tough censorship, the ban on the church, and so on.

The processes that led to the collapse of the USSR were already evident in the 1980s. Against the background of the general crisis, which by the beginning of the 90s only deepened, there is an increase in nationalist tendencies in practically all union republics. The first to leave the USSR: Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. They are followed by Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldova and Ukraine.

The collapse of the USSR was the result of the events of August - December 1991. After the August putsch, the activities of the CPSU party in the country were suspended. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Congress of People's Deputies lost power. The last Congress in history was held in September 1991 and announced its self-dissolution. During this period, the State Council of the USSR became the supreme governing body, which was headed by Gorbachev, the first and only president of the USSR.

The attempts he made in the fall and winter to prevent both the economic and political collapse of the USSR did not bring success. As a result, on December 8, 1991, after the signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement by the heads of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. At the same time, the formation of the CIS - the Commonwealth of Independent States - took place. The collapse of the Soviet Union was the largest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century, with global consequences.

Here are just the main consequences of the collapse of the USSR: a sharp decline in production in all countries of the former USSR and a drop in the standard of living of the population; the territory of Russia has decreased by a quarter; access to seaports has become more difficult again; the population of Russia has decreased - in fact by half; the emergence of numerous national conflicts and the emergence of territorial claims between the former republics of the USSR; globalization began - the processes gradually gained momentum that turned the world into a single political, information, economic system; the world became unipolar, and the United States remained the only superpower.

4. REASONS OF THE USSR DEPLOYMENT

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4 SUBSECTORS OF CHI

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

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VICTIMS "K-17"

REASONS OF THE USSR DECAY

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REASONS FOR THE DECAY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND THE USSR: GENERAL

REASONS OF THE USSR DECAY: SPECIAL

THE REASONS OF THE USSR DECAY: RUSSIA

REASONS OF THE USSR DECAY: REPUBLIC

REASONS OF THE USSR DECAY: SOCIAL FACTOR

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REASONS OF THE USSR DECAY

MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP, LEADING THE DECOMPOSITION OF THE USSR: from outside

REASONS OF THE USSR DECAY

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BACKGROUND AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE USSR DECAY