Classification of water supply systems.

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Water supply system (plumbing) is a complex of interconnected devices and structures that provide consumers with water in the required quantity and of a given quality. The water supply system includes devices and structures for the intake of water from the water supply source, its transportation, preparation, accumulation (storage), regulation of supply and distribution between consumers. The water supply scheme is the sequential arrangement of these structures from the source to the consumer, their relative position relative to each other.

The water supply system is divided into external and internal. The external water supply includes all structures for the intake, purification and distribution of water by the water supply network before entering the building. An internal water supply system is a set of devices that ensure the receipt of water from the external network and its supply to the water supply devices located in the building.

Water supply systems should be designed in accordance with the requirements for the design of external networks and water supply facilities, as well as other regulatory and technical recommendations and requirements for water by consumers. The choice of a water supply system and scheme should be made on the basis of a comparison of the technical and economic indicators of their possible options, taking into account:

- local conditions and peculiarities of water consumption objects;

- gradual development of the water supply system;

- water supply sources;

- requirements for pressure, quantity and quality of water;

- reliability of water supply.

Water supply systems (water pipes) are classified according to a number of characteristics.

1. According to the reliability of water supply :

I - it is allowed to reduce no more than 30% of the estimated consumption of drinking water for a period of no more than 3 days, while a break in the water supply or a decrease in consumption below the specified limit for no more than 10 minutes is allowed to turn off the failed and turn on the backup elements of the water supply system ( equipment, fittings, structures, pipelines);

II - it is allowed to reduce no more than 30% of the estimated flow rate of the supplied drinking water for a period of no more than 10 days, while a break in the water supply or a decrease in flow below the specified limit is allowed for no more than 6 hours to turn off the failed and turn on the backup elements of the water supply system (equipment, fittings, structures, pipelines);

III - it is allowed to reduce no more than 30% of the estimated consumption of the supplied drinking water for a period of no more than 15 days, while a break in the water supply or a decrease in consumption below the specified limit is allowed for no more than 24 hours to turn off the failed and turn on the backup elements of the water supply system (equipment, fittings, structures, pipelines).

Water supply systems for settlements with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Should be classified in category I, from 5,000 to 50,000 people. - to the II category and less than 5000 people. - to the III category.

2.By the type of the serviced object: urban, settlement, industrial, agricultural, etc.

3. By the type of natural sources used :

- from underground sources (artesian, spring);

- from surface sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, seas).

4. By the way of water supply :

- gravity (gravitational);

- pressure (with mechanical feed by pumps).

5. By way of delivery and distribution of water:

- centralized;

- decentralized;

- combined.

Water supply systems in settlements are provided, as a rule, centralized. At the same time, depending on local conditions and economic feasibility, they can be separate - with their own sources of water supply for each of the zones (residential or industrial) or combined - with a common source of water supply for both zones.

6. By the number of serviced objects :

- group system (serves several objects or settlements);

- local or local system (serves one object, one building or a small group of compactly located buildings);

- zonal system (serves various parts of the territory with a significant difference in elevation);

- the district system (serves several large water consumers located in a certain area).

7. By appointment :

- household and drinking;

- production;

- fire-fighting;

- united.

Fire-fighting water supply system is designed to obtain the necessary water consumption under the required pressure during the standard fire extinguishing time during the hours of maximum water consumption and is subdivided into water supply and non-water supply.

An independent fire-fighting water supply system is arranged at the most fire hazardous facilities - enterprises of the petrochemical and oil refining industries, warehouses of fuels and lubricants, wood warehouses, etc., where high costs and water pressure are required.

United water pipelines are arranged mainly in settlements. This water supply system provides household, drinking, fire-fighting and industrial needs. Usually they combine household and drinking water with a fire-fighting and separately industrial water supply. The production and fire-fighting water supply system is extremely rare, because the industrial water supply network does not always cover the entire territory of the object. As a result, some fire hazardous areas may not be provided with water necessary to extinguish a fire. In addition, in some industries it is required to maintain a constant pressure and flow rate of water, which will change when extinguishing a fire.

The water supply is fire-fighting or combined with a fire-fighting one, can be of low or high pressure.

Low pressure water supply(Figure 2.1, a) is calculated in such a way that during a fire only the amount of water supplied increases, while the pressure in the network is maintained at least 10 m. In low-pressure water pipelines water tower or the counter tank is shut off during a fire. Such water pipes are widespread in cities and towns. The selection of water for extinguishing fires from such water pipes is carried out using mobile fire pumps (auto pumps, motor pumps, etc.). A low-pressure fire-fighting water supply system, combined with an industrial water supply system, is arranged in industries where the fire consumption, in comparison with the production one, is small and does not affect the pressure of the industrial water supply system. However, if for firefighting needs it is necessary to start an additional pump, a decrease in the pressure in the network is possible, which is not always allowed by the requirements of the production technology.

Water pipes high pressure (Figure 2.1, b) are divided into:

a) constant high pressure water supply;

b) high pressure water supply, increased only during a fire. In this case, the pressure in the water supply network is created by stationary pumps for direct supply of water from hydrants installed on the network.

a

b

a) low pressure water supply; b) high pressure water supply

1 - fire hydrant; 2 - fire hydrant; 3 - hose line;

4 - fire barrel

Figure 2.1 – Water supply schemes for extinguishing a fire from

Introduction

1.1. Water supply is the most important branch of the economic complex

Among the many sectors of the national economy aimed at improving the living standards of people, improving settlements and developing agricultural and industrial production, one of the key places is water supply.

Water supply is the provision of water to settlements, industrial and other facilities to meet household, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs.

Water supply is a set of measures to provide water to various consumers.

Providing the population with clean, good-quality water is of great hygienic importance, as it protects people from various epidemiological diseases transmitted through water. The supply of sufficient water to the settlement can raise the overall level of its improvement. To meet the needs of modern large settlements in water, huge quantities are required, measured in millions of cubic meters per day.

For example, if in the Middle Ages in cities one person had 25 liters of water per day, now it is consumed 200 ... 400 liters, and in large cities - 500 or more.

Fulfilling this task, as well as ensuring high sanitary quality of drinking water, requires careful selection of natural sources, their protection from pollution and proper water treatment at water supply facilities.

Production processes in industrial plants are also accompanied by a large consumption of water. At the same time, enterprises of certain branches of industry and energy management consume the amount of water, which often significantly exceeds the municipal water consumption of large cities.

So, for example, to extract 1 liter of oil, you need to use 10 liters of water, for the production of 1 kg of paper - 200 liters, 1 kg of woolen fabric - 600 liters, 1 ton of steel - 20 m 3, to produce 1 ton of acetate silk you need 2660 m 3 water, lavsan - 4200 m 3, and nylon fiber - 5600 m 3 of water.

It should be noted that, in addition to providing water to the population and industry, carried out by water supply systems, the supply of water to agriculture, especially in irrigated agriculture, is of great national economic importance. For example, to get 1 kg of dry wheat grain, you need to use 750 liters of water.

The history of development, state of the art and development prospects

In the republic

The first information that we have about artificial structures for obtaining water - wells, dates back to the III millennium BC. e., in ancient Egypt there were already the simplest mechanisms for lifting water from wells - like our "cranes".

In Babylon, water was raised to a fairly significant height with the help of various devices using blocks. In the aqueducts of Egypt and Babylon, pottery, wood, and also metal (lead and copper) pipes were used to supply water from reservoirs. V Ancient China very deep wells were used for water supply, from which water was taken out in buckets using gates or blocks.

During the heyday Ancient Greece and Rome had quite large centralized systems water supply. In Rome, water was supplied to the city by gravity through canals. When crossing valleys or ravines, channels were laid along special bridges - aqueducts. In the city, water was supplied to central reservoirs, from where it was piped to public baths and baths, to the palaces and houses of the patricians, as well as to public fountains and pools used by the population.

Initial information about the arrangement of centralized urban water supply systems in other European countries dates back to the 12th century. At the end of the XII century. the first gravity water supply was built in Paris. In the XIII century. centralized water supply to London begins. By the beginning of the 15th century. includes information about the installation of plumbing in German cities.

The emergence and development of capitalist manufactory caused the development of plumbing technology. Industrial revolution of the 18th century caused the construction of factory water supply systems. At the same time, the discharge of industrial Wastewater into open water bodies led to their severe pollution and raised the question of finding sources pure water, therefore, at the same time, there is a need for the extraction of groundwater.

From the ancient plumbing devices that were used by the peoples who inhabited the territory the former USSR, in the low-water regions of Central Asia, some kind of structures for collecting groundwater - underground galleries have been partially preserved to our time, in the Crimea containers for collecting atmospheric waters were found cut in the rocks, in Novgorod on the territory of the prince's residence during excavations a gravity water supply from wooden pipes was found, the time of construction which is attributed to the end of the XI - the beginning of the XII century. There is information about a gravity water supply from pottery pipes, built in Georgia at the beginning of the 13th century.

In the XII-XIV centuries. in a number of Russian cities, water pipes were built for fortresses. In the XV century. a gravity spring water pipeline was built for the Moscow Kremlin. In 1631, a water pipeline was built in the Kremlin, which supplied water with the help of a "water pump" to the water tower. Lead pipes were used to transport water from the water tower to the places of consumption.

In 1718, by order of Peter I, a water canal was built for the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg. In 1721, the famous Peterhof fountains were built.

Under Peter I, the construction of a spring water supply system in Tsarskoye Selo (now the town of Pushkin), completed in 1749, was also begun. A large river water supply system for that time (more than 15 km long) was built for Tsarskoye Selo.

In 1804, the construction of the first Moscow city water pipeline was completed, which fed the city by gravity ground water over a distance of about 16 km. The water supply system was subsequently rebuilt and modernized; pumping stations were built, gravity water conduits were replaced by pressure ones. In 1898, Krestovskie water towers were built near the Rizhsky railway station, in which steel tanks with a capacity of 1875 m 3 each were mounted, located at a height of 30 m above the earth's surface.

Water pipelines were also built in other cities. During the XIX century. in Russia, another 64 city water pipelines were built.

However, until the Great October Socialist Revolution, the construction of water pipelines in Russia developed slowly. At the same time, most of the constructed water pipelines were in an unsatisfactory condition; the rate of water consumption per inhabitant was low; the water was not properly purified; the number of house connections was insignificant, and most of the water was supplied to the population through street water taps.

The development of water supply in the republic is closely related to the development of that in Russia. However, after the collapse of the USSR, it received a new round. Thus, on June 24, 1999, the republic adopted a law “On drinking water supply” (No. 271-З). This law regulates relations in the field of drinking water supply and establishes state guarantees for providing consumers with drinking water. This law was the first in the territory of the countries of the former Soviet Union.

Further development of water supply received (and to a greater extent agricultural) with the adoption in 2005 of the State Program for the Revival and Development of Rural Areas for 2005-2010, which provides, as a result, to fully meet the needs rural population in high-quality drinking water due to the reconstruction and development of central and local water supply systems.

Classification of water supply systems

The water supply system is a complex of interconnected structures designed to meet the water needs of any consumer.

In general, the task of the water supply system includes:

· Water extraction;

· Rise of water;

· Improvement of water quality (if necessary);

· Transportation and distribution between consumers;

· Regulation of expenses.

In accordance with the listed tasks of the water supply system, it includes the following types of water supply facilities:

a) water intake structures that take water from natural sources selected for this object;

b) pumping stations (water-lifting structures) that create the required pressure in the water pipes to supply the given water flow rates to the given height;

c) facilities for water purification and treatment (treatment facilities), which improve the quality of natural water in accordance with the requirements of the consumer;

d) water conduits and water supply networks transporting water to objects and places of its consumption;

e) regulating and reserve tanks - reservoirs different types for storage and accumulation of water.

Water supply systems are classified according to various criteria:

1) by types of consumers:

· Systems of household and drinking water supply;

· Fire-fighting water supply;

· Watering;

· Many functional;

2) by type of water supply facilities:

· City water supply systems;

· Water supply of settlements;

· Water supply of production facilities;

3) according to the scope of the supplied objects:

· Water supply systems of one object;

· Group water supply systems;

4) according to the frequency of use of the supplied water:

· Direct-flow systems;

· With water circulation;

· With consistent use of water;

5) by natural sources of water supply:

· Systems using water from surface sources;

· Systems using groundwater;

6) according to the methods of water supply:

· Gravity systems;

· With mechanical water supply;

· Mixed feed.

Distinguish between centralized water supply systems - all objects are supplied from one source and through the same pipelines and decentralized water supply systems - objects are supplied through different pipelines and from different sources.

Agricultural water supply systems are usually designed and built by integrated economic, production and fire fighting systems. They can be centralized, decentralized and combined.

Similar information.

Water supply systems are classified on a number of grounds.
By the type of objects served Distinguish between: urban, settlement, industrial, agricultural water supply systems.

By purpose, water supply systems are distinguished:

• economic - to meet the drinking and household needs of the population and enterprises;
• industrial - for supplying water to one or several enterprises or individual workshops;
• fire fighting water supply for extinguishing fires;
• combined, intended at the same time to meet various needs (for example, an economic and fire-fighting system - to meet economic and fire-fighting needs, or a production-fire system to meet fire and production needs).

By water supply methods distinguish between water supply systems:

• gravity (gravity), in which water is supplied from the source to the consumer by gravity; examples of gravity systems are water supply systems in mountainous areas;
• with mechanical water supply (pressure), in which water from the source is supplied to the consumer by pumps;
• mixed flow (within the system).

By frequency of use the supplied water of the water supply system is subdivided into direct-flow systems; with water circulation; with consistent use of water in various installations.

According to natural sources of water supply, there are:

• water supply systems using surface water (rivers, reservoirs, lakes, seas);
• systems using groundwater (ground, artesian, springs).

Plumbing systems combined with fire-fighting plumbing can be:

• low pressure, in which the head, for extinguishing a fire, is created using mobile pumps connected to the fire hydrants (hydrants) of the external water supply network;
• high pressure, in which the head required to extinguish the fire is created by stationary pumps installed in the pumping station.

Internal water supply system of the building: purpose, typesand basic elements. Internal water supply system a building or a separate object is called a set of devices that ensure the receipt of water from an external water supply system and supply it under pressure to water-distributing devices located inside a building or object.

Cold water supply system, called an internal water supply system, consists of the following devices: input (one or more), water metering unit (one or more), mains network, distribution pipelines and connections to water-distributing devices, fittings. In some cases, the system includes installations for increasing the pressure, as well as for additional water treatment (softening, discoloration, deferrization, etc.).

Cold water supply systems are used to equip buildings for any purpose (residential, administrative, educational, public catering, communal, entertainment, medical, children's, etc.), as well as cultural and recreational facilities (stadiums, swimming pools, recreation parks) and industrial (garages, depot, etc.) located in sewerage areas or having a local drainage system. The constructed water supply systems for buildings must provide consumers with water of a given quality in the right amount and under the necessary pressure. Water quality requirements depend on the purpose of the water supply systems. The water supply system of the building can be connected at the centralized water supply system of the settlement or equipped with devices for receiving waterfrom local sources of water supply (underground or surface).

By purpose, the internal water supply systems of buildings are divided into the following:

• household and drinking water - designed to supply water that meets the requirements of GOST R 51232-98 for drinking, washing, bathing, cooking and other household needs. Installation of drinking water pipes is mandatory in all residential and public buildings under construction in sewerage areas, as well as in buildings with a local drainage system;
• industrial - can consist of several water pipelines that provide the supply of water of various quality that meets the technological requirements (softened, cooled, etc.);
• fire-fighting - designed to extinguish a fire or to prevent its spread. Water in fire-fighting water pipes can also be of non-potable quality.

By service sector systems can be:

• combined (economic and fire fighting, production and fire fighting, economic and production);
• separate;
• uniform - an internal water supply system, providing water supply simultaneously for household, drinking, industrial and fire-fighting needs.

In some cases, for household needs (flushing wastewater receivers - toilets, urinals, etc., washing floors, washing clothes, etc.), in agreement with the sanitary inspection authorities, you can use water and non-potable quality. It is not allowed to connect water pipelines supplying water of non-potable quality with drinking water.
According to the method of using water, systems are with direct-flow water supply and with re-use of water.
When choosing a water supply system, depending on the purpose of the object, technological, fire safety, sanitary and hygienic requirements, as well as technical and economic considerations, are taken into account. For example, residential and public buildings can be equipped with a combined utility and fire-fighting water supply with drinking water supply. Combining all water pipelines in one system, supplying water of the same quality and under the same pressure, leads to a decrease in construction and operating costs.

For the normal operation of the internal water supply at the entrance to the building, such a pressure (required) must be created that will ensure the supply standard consumption water to a higher-located (dictating) water-folding device and will cover the loss of pressure to overcome resistances along the movement of water. The pressure in the external water supply at the point of connection of the input (at the pipe or on the surface of the earth) is called the guarantee. With a periodic or constant lack of pressure in the external water supply to the required for the building, installations are used to increase the pressure: pumps (constantly or periodically operating), water tanks, pneumatic installations.

Depending on the supply of pressure and the installed equipment, they differ:

In multi-storey buildings, zone water supply systems are designed. The lower zone works under the pressure of an external water supply system, and the upper one - from booster pumps. The height of the zone is determined by the maximum permissible hydrostatic head at the lowest point of the network, not exceeding 60 m water. Art. (0.6 MPa).

Water supply system- a complex of interconnected devices and structures that provide consumers with water in the required quantity and specified quality. The water supply system includes devices and structures for the intake of water from the water supply source, its transportation; processing, storage, regulation of supply and distribution among consumers.

Water supply scheme- the sequential location of these structures from source to consumer, their relative position relative to each other.

Water supply systems should be designed in accordance with the requirements for the design of external networks and water supply facilities, as well as other regulatory and technical recommendations and requirements for water by consumers. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the local conditions, the diversity of which leads to the fact that the water supply system of any object is unique and inimitable in its own way.

All the variety of water supply systems encountered in practice is classified according to the following main features:

- by appointment: household and drinking; fireproof; production; agricultural. The listed types of systems can be both independent and combined. Combine systems in the event that the requirements for water quality are the same or it is economically beneficial;

- by the nature of the natural sources used: systems that receive water from surface sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, seas, oceans); systems that take water from underground sources (artesian, ground); mixed feeding systems (when using different types water sources);

- on a territorial basis(coverage): local (single site) or local; group or district, serving a group of objects; off-site; intrasite;

- according to the methods of water supply: gravity (gravitational); pressure (with mechanical water supply using pumps); combined;

- according to the frequency of use of consumed water(for enterprises): direct-flow (single use); with the sequential use of water (two to three times); circulating (multiple use of water, carried out in a closed, semi-closed circuit or with the discharge of part of the water - blowing); combined;

- by types of serviced objects: urban; settlement; industrial; agricultural; railway, etc .;

- by the method of delivery and distribution of water: centralized; decentralized; combined.

Water supply systems in settlements are provided, as a rule, centralized. At the same time, depending on local conditions and economic feasibility, they can be separate - with their own sources of water supply for each of the zones (residential or industrial) - or combined - with a common source of water supply for both zones (Figure 9.1).

Figure 9.1 - Water supply systems: a - centralized separate; b - centralized united; v - combined: 1 - water intake structure; 2 - pumping station NS-1; 3 - treatment facilities; 4 - reservoirs of clean water; 5 - NS-H; 6 - water tower; 7 - water conduits; 8 - distribution water supply network; 9 - settlement; 10 - production area.

Decentralized (local) water supply systems are being built for individual remote local consumers or a group of buildings, as well as settlements planned for resettlement.

Centralized water supply systems are divided into three categories in terms of reliability or degree of water supply availability (Table 9.1).