The main types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. Types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Scientific and Technical Policy and Education

Extramural

Department of Finance and Credit

Test By discipline: "Taxes and taxation" on the topic:

"Types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation."

Yaroslavl 2010.

Types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation

Bibliography

Types of taxes and fees modern Russia

The tax of the taxes and fees of the Russian Federation, enacted from January 1, 1992, initially sought to be adapted to the new federal structure of the country. This system was based on a federal principle, reproducing a new budgetary structure of the country. Therefore, the main and currently uninstalled in the NC classifying signs of the delimitation of taxes and fees is their belonging to the appropriate level of management. In accordance with Art. 13-15 NK All taxes and fees of the Russian Federation are divided into three types:

Federal taxes and fees;

Regional taxes;

Local taxes.

The main demarcation of these types of taxes and fees is not in the level of the budget in which they are credited, but in what level of management they are installed and on what territory they are mandatory to pay. So, in accordance with Art. 12 NK:

Federal taxes and fees are established by the NC and are mandatory to pay throughout the Russian Federation;

Regional taxes are established by the NC and are enrolled in the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are obligatory to pay on the territory of the relevant subjects of the Russian Federation;

Local taxes are established by the NK and are put into effect by regulatory legal acts of representative bodies of local self-government and are obligatory to pay on the territory of the respective municipalities.

Local taxes in the cities of the federal significance Moscow, St. Petersburg are established by the NK and are enrolled in the laws of these subjects of the Russian Federation.

Taxes and fees provided for NK and administered tax authorities, presented in Fig. 1. It should be noted that regional or local taxes and fees not provided for by the NK.

Consider what is the degree of freedom of the legislative initiative of various levels of government in determining the mandatory elements of the established taxes (Table 1).

Table 1. Establishment of mandatory tax elements (fees) acts

Fig. 1. Tax and fees system

Table 1

Establishment of mandatory tax elements (fees) acts

Note. NK - establishing exclusively by the Tax Code; The law of the subject of the Russian Federation is the establishment by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the procedure and limits established by the NK; Norm.-Right. Act MO establishing regulatory legal acts of representative bodies of municipalities in the manner and limits established by the NK.

By establishing regional tax, the representative authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation define the following elements of taxation: tax breaks, grounds and procedure for their use; tax rate within the limits established by the NK; The procedure and timing of the payment of tax. Other elements of regional tax and the circle of taxpayers are installed only by the NC. By establishing local tax, the presented local authorities determines the following elements of taxation in regulatory legal acts: tax breaks, grounds and procedures for their use; tax rate within the limits established by the NK; The procedure and timing of the payment of tax. Other elements of local tax and the circle of taxpayers are installed only by the NC.

Besides listed taxes and fees in the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with ch. 26¹-264 NK also installed special tax regimes. It should be noted that these modes are quite a new institution. tax lawTheoretical studies of which were not largely conducted. For this reason, some questions remain unresolved. Their placement in the composition of taxes and fees does not cause doubts (see Fig. 1). However, some methodological problems arise.

The legislator does not lead to a clear definition of special tax regimes. An indirect definition is still presented in Art. 18 NK, however, it suffers with significant inaccuracies. Apparently, the legislator understands this perfectly, because it was not by chance that it was modified in 2004

If earlier under such modes were a special procedure for calculating and paying taxes and fees for a certain period of time, applied in cases and procedure established by law on taxes and fees, now in the context of the perception of a new meaning of Art. 18 NK Special tax regimes can be characterized as a special procedure for determining the elements of taxation, including providing for exemption from the obligation to pay individual federal, regional and local taxes and fees.

It can be noted that the change in conceptual meaning here is not simple casting. In a methodological plan, this transition from the existing perception of special regimes as a special order for calculating the entire totality of taxes paid by enterprises that have passed on to such modes to the presentation of these regimes as a special procedure for determining the elements of taxation is made. Obviously, a new definition is characterized by essential inexpensive: about the elements of which tax is we talking about?

This interpretation will acquire a semantic completion if special tax regimes are characterized as special types of taxes, and in certain cases - and the special procedure for taxation, the transition to calculus and the payment of which frees from the obligation to pay some other taxes and fees.

The possibility of perceiving such modes as special taxes confirms the presence of all the obligatory signs of taxes, as well as the provisions of paragraph 7 of Art. 12 NK, where it is said that these regimes may provide for federal taxes not specified in the designated Art. 13 NK in the list of federal taxes, as well as determine the procedure for establishing such taxes. Apparently, in this context, we are talking about three additional federal taxes established by the relevant special modes: a single agricultural tax, a single tax in a simplified tax system and a single tax on imputed income for certain types of activities. The fourth special regime does not introduce a new tax, it provides for a special order of taxation. Thus, reasonable, in our opinion, there will be the following detailed definition.

Special tax regimes are a special procedure for taxation and (or) a special type of federal tax, the transition to calculus and the payment of which frees from the obligation to pay individual federal, regional and local taxes and fees.

Some controversy may also cause the characteristics of these special regimes (taxes) as federal for the reason that the lower levels of the board here in separate taxes Significant powers are provided to establish their various elements (Table 2). However, the logic of the construction of the NC, representing special regimes as a subsection (VIII) of federal taxes and fees, eliminates these doubts. In addition, if these modes determine as regional, then significant problems arose with the possibility of the lower level of the Board to provide for exemption from paying taxes established by the higher level.

The list of special modes presented in the NC due to the imperative nature of the rules that determine their norms is characterized as exhaustive. This list can be expanded exclusively by making appropriate changes in the NK. It should also be noted that special regimes are definitely different from the general taxation mode, since these regimes, first, should not establish more stringent taxation conditions, and secondly, they provide for the possibility of exemption from the obligation to pay a number of taxes. No tax from the list of federal, regional and local taxes forming the general tax regime does not provide such exemption. An exception in this case is a gambling tax tax, which provides for exemption similar to special modes. For this reason, this tax should be administered precisely as a special tax regime.

When establishing special tax regimes, the legislator defines the obligatory elements of taxation. The possibility of establishing tax benefits for special NK modes is not provided, since the logic of the development of these modes and their use by their individual categories of taxpayers is already dictated by certain tax preferences addressed to these categories.

Significant misunderstanding causes the problem of excluding the tax status of customs duties. Before the introduction in 2004, amendments in Art. 13 NK, customs duty appeared in the list of federal taxes, however, all its elements were determined regulatory and legal database Customs legislation. It cannot be said that such a situation was satisfactory, because if it is a tax, then it should be regulated tax legislationDespite its administration by customs authorities. Such logic has a precedent: customs authorities administer the payment of VAT and excise taxes, regulated by the NC, with the intersection of goods (works, services) across the border of the Russian Federation.

With the exclusion of customs duties from the list of taxes, an even more incomprehensible situation arose. This, in our opinion, unreasonable, the exception takes a duty from the composition of taxes and fees and translates it into the discharge of non-tax binding payments, so-called quasi-channels. Thus, today there has been an explicit contradiction between the non-tax status and the tax nature of this payment. Customs duty possesses all signs of tax: imperativeness (obligation), individual banner, abstract, legality, etc. The specified contradiction cannot be noticed for a long time, it requires a speedy permission, because the customs duty is a significant budget-forming source, whose fiscal value is commensurate with taxes such as taxes, VAT, excise taxes, tax on the profit of organizations.

In general, it can be argued that today the process of improving the tax and fees of Russia is close to its logical conclusion. The composition of taxes and fees, primarily the federal, will remain, apparently, already unchanged. The main improvement should now be subject to regional and local taxes in order to expand their tax bases and the significance of income. By federal taxes This improvement will seem to concern how to change the content of the obligatory elements of taxes and fees. There is also a process for the translation of individual federal taxes, the object of taxation or the tax base which are most dependent on economic Policy Subject of the Russian Federation, to regional. In particular, it can touch NDFL. Directions for further improvement of the tax and fees system are presented in Fig. 2.

table 2

Establishment of mandatory elements of special modes (taxes) acts

It should be noted that, unfortunately, these directions are not synthesized in one program document. They were announced by the President of the Russian Federation in annual messages Federal Assembly 2004, 2005, Program for the development of budget federalism in the Russian Federation, relevant decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation. A characteristic feature of the target reference point for further improvement of taxes is a decrease in the tax burden for the economy of the country, bringing it into compliance with the current level of economic development of the country. The targeted movement towards this guideline as a strategic task was previously not raised by the President of the Russian Federation.

In addition, these directions in some cases are not a logical continuation of the improved tax and fees of the late 1990s - early 2000s. In particular, this concerns the change of the course - with restrictions to a promising expansion of tax authority of regional and local control levels. Such turn B. tax Policy It is explained in many ways a change in the common background of political and socio-economic transformations in a country, a significant increase in their thoughtfulness, validity and focus. The expansion of tax authority of the lower levels of government will already be carried out in a fundamentally different federal situation when the vertical of power is significantly strengthened, the trend has been eliminated to demonstrate the independence of the regions from the federal center, the risks of mass separatist sentiment and the loss of a single economic space are minimized. Under these conditions, additional tax authority will not lead to the crisis of statehood, they will serve as an exclusively increasing the budget independence of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local governments.

It should also be noted that in the main directions of further improvement of taxes not yet found priorities for enhancing their reproductive function in terms of reproduction of consumed natural resources. Such a situation should be considered invalid when the transition of our country to sustainable development, proclaimed in the relevant state concept. Let us dwell on this aspect in more detail.

Currently, in all countries, the search for new and improving the existing ways and means of improving the efficiency of the environmental protection process has been intensified, first of all, the mechanisms for tax regulation of this process are involved.

Thus, proposals are regularly expressed on the application as a means of further development of the process of protecting the environment of the environment from the anthropogenic pollution of the so-called "green" taxes. In accordance with the developed concept of the English economist, A. Pig was offered environmental pollution, recognized by external (external in relation to the manufacturer's enterprise) costs, translate to internal. This proposal was called "Circuit" or "Internalization" costs. The meaning of these proposals is reduced to the internalization of "environmental" costs, i.e. To establish on enterprises - environmental pollutants of a special tax equal to the magnitude of the external costs that later received the name "Pig Tax", or Piguvian Tax.

This idea of \u200b\u200bA. Pig and his followers received approval and was realized in the well-known principle "polluter pays", introduced in 1972 by the organization of economic cooperation and development. Moreover, this approach has become one of the fundamental principles of the economy of environmental management, has become a kind of economic substantiation of adoption in many countries to protect the environmental environment. This approach, its approval and adoption by a number of scientists and legislators can be recognized fair, but only from one point of view: for the nature of the nature of the environmental damage to pay, of course, it is necessary, for the illusion of "free gifts of nature" and "unlimited" of its assimilative capabilities has long been extended by the practice Management.

Currently, the system of taxes and fees of Russia contains three so-called resource tax: water tax; fees for the use of objects of animal peace and water biological resources; Mineral mining tax. They provide compensation for using certain natural resource objects, and it is quite fair.

At the same time, payments for regulatory and excess emissions of pollutants in environment It remains outside the framework of law on taxes and fees, having respectively the status of a non-tax binding payment. Apparently, the main difficulty of preserving such a status is financially filling at the expense of these payments. special Funds Environmental orientation. This situation should be recognized as extremely dangerous from an environmental point of view, because these payments by enterprises are significantly underestimated, sometimes unreasonably, due to compensation costs of intra-profit environmental activities. In our opinion, the status and nature of these payments should be revised, significantly increasing its fiscal value. It is necessary to arrange these payments as tax, developing the appropriate head of the NC with the inclusion of it in regional taxes. At the same time, the target nature of the use of such payments can be preserved by the separation of them in special extrabudgetary fundswho will specialize in the implementation of environmental activities by analogy with state extrabudgetary funds.

Fig. 2. The main directions of further improvement of the tax and fees system

Answers to tests

T2 B3 ─ A, in

T3 B13 ─g, d

T4 B3 ─ in, g

T9 B3 ─ A, B, in

T10 B3 ─ A, in

Note:

In - question

Bibliography

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4. Kachur O.V. Taxes and taxation. Uch. benefit. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007.

5. Concept of transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development // Russian newspaper dated 09.04.1996.

6. Kuzmin I.G. Taxes and taxation. Method. instructions. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007.

8. Mamrukova O.I. Taxes and taxation. Uch. benefit. M.: Omega-L, 2007.

9. Milyakov N.V. Taxes and taxation. M.: Infra-M, 2007.

10. Taxes and taxation / Ed. D.G. Blueberry. - M.: MCFER, 2006.

11. Taxes and taxation / ed. M.V. Romanovsky, O.Vrublevskaya. - M.: Peter, 2009.

12. tax code RF. Parts first and second. M., 2010.

13. Panskov V.G. Taxes I. tax system RF. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2005.

14. Tarasova V.F. Taxes and taxation. Uch. benefit. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007.

15. Blueberry D.G., L.P. Pavlova, A.Z. Dadashev and others. Taxes and taxation. M.: Infra-M, 2003.

Types of taxes and fees in Russian Federation

1. The following types of taxes and fees are established in the Russian Federation: federal taxes and fees, taxes and fees of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as regional taxes and fees) and local taxes and fees. (as amended. Federal Law from 09.07.1999 N 154-FZ) (see the text in the previous edition)

2. Federal recognizes taxes and fees established by this Code and mandatory pay throughout the Russian Federation.

3. Regional taxes and fees established by this Code and the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation entered into force in accordance with this Code of the Claims of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the obligatory to pay the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation. When establishing regional tax legislation (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the following taxation elements are determined: tax rates Within the limits established by this Code, the procedure and timing of the payment of tax, as well as the reporting forces on this regional tax. Other elements of taxation are established by this Code. When establishing regional tax, legislative (representative) bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may also provide for tax breaks and grounds for their use by the taxpayer. (p. 3 as amended by Federal Law of 09.07.1999 N 154-FZ) (see text in the previous edition)

4. Locals recognize taxes and fees established by this Code and regulatory legal acts of representative bodies of local governments, introduced in accordance with this Code regulatory legal acts of representative bodies of local self-government and obligatory to pay in the territories of the relevant municipalities. In order to establish local tax by representative The following elements of taxation are determined by local government in regulatory legal acts: tax rates within the limits established by this Code, the procedure and timing of the payment of tax, as well as the reporting forms on this local tax. Other elements of taxation are established by this Code. When establishing a local tax, local authorities may also provide for tax breaks and grounds for their use by the taxpayer. (p. 4 as amended by Federal Law of 09.07.1999 N 154-FZ) (see the text in the previous edition)

5. Regional or local taxes and (or) fees not provided for in this Code cannot be established.

The federal taxes and fees include:

1. Value Added Tax;

2. excise taxes separate species goods (services) and individual types of mineral raw materials;

3. income tax (income) of organizations;

4. Tax on income from capital;

5. income tax from individuals;

6. Contributions to state social extrabudgetary funds;

7. State duty;

8. Customs duty and customs fees;

9. Tax for the use of subsoil;

10. Tax on the reproduction of the mineral - raw material base;

11. Tax on additional income from hydrocarbon production;

12. A fee for the right to use the objects of the animal world and water biological resources;

13. Forest tax;

14. Water tax;

15. Environmental tax;

16. Federal licensed fees.

TO regional taxes and fees include:

1. Tax on the property of organizations;

2. Real estate tax;

3. Road tax;

4. Transport tax;

5. Sales tax;

6. Tax on gambling business;

7. Regional license fees.

2. Under the enactment of real estate tax, it is terminated on the territory of the relevant subject of the Russian Federation of the property of organizations, property tax on individuals and land tax.

Local taxes and fees include:

1. Land tax;

2. tax on property of individuals;

4. Inheritance tax or donation;

5. Local licensed fees.

Federal taxes and fees; - taxes and fees of subjects of the Russian Federation (regional taxes and fees); - Local taxes and fees.

Hotel collection

Hotel gathering - in the Russian Federation - local tax.

The hotel fee - in Moscow - a mandatory payment to the budget, charged to finance events for the development of hotel economy and tourism.

State tax is a mandatory payment established by the state with individuals and legal entities.

Equity tax

The equity tax is tax, the receipt of which is divided between organs of different levels.

Local taxes and fees

Local Taxes and Levies

Local taxes and fees - in the Russian Federation - taxes and fees established and administered by regulatory legal acts of representative bodies of local self-government and compulsory to pay on the territory of relevant municipalities.

Local taxes and fees include: land tax, property tax of individuals, inheritance tax or donation, local licensed fees. Local taxes and fees come to the income of local government bodies and spend them.

Regional taxes and fees

Taxes and fees of subjects of the Russian Federation

Regional Taxes and Levies

Regional taxes and fees - in the Russian Federation - taxes and fees going to the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation: property tax of organizations, real estate tax, road tax, transport tax, sales tax, gambling tax, regional license fees.

Federal taxes and fees Federal Taxes and Levies

Federal taxes and fees - in the Russian Federation - taxes and fees going to the federal budget: - value added tax; - excise taxes on certain types of goods (services) and individual types of mineral raw materials; - income tax (income) of organizations;

Contributions to state social extrabudgetary funds;

National tax;

Customs duty and customs fees;

Subsoil use tax;

Tax on reproduction of the mineral resource base;

Tax on additional income from hydrocarbon production;

Fee for the right to use the objects of the animal world and water biological resources;

Forest, water and environmental taxes

Federal licensed fees.

B) the distribution of net profit in a commercial organization.

Evaluation Criterion is the accuracy of the formulation on the distribution of net profit of a commercial organization. Rights and opportunities in the distribution and use of profits are of great importance for any economic entity, as the profit acts as the main source of financial, industrial and social development, the material development of its employees. The distribution and use of profit should stimulate the further development of this type of activity and the development of new, financially interested in increasing profits.

The procedure for the distribution and use of the profit of a commercial enterprise is determined by the methodology of appropriate methodology at this stage of its development.

The current procedure for the distribution of profit corresponds to the current stage of the formation of market relations, i.e., the company must participate in its profit in the formation of the state budget, and the remaining part of the profit must be distributed among the owner of the enterprise and the owner of the borrowed capital and other financial resources in accordance with the concluded agreements. The Law "On Enterprises in the Russian Federation" in Article 62 recorded: "The profit remaining from the enterprise after paying taxes and other payments to the budget (net profit) is in full order. The company independently determines the use of net profit if otherwise not provided by the charter. " The state impact on the choice of areas of use of net profit is carried out through taxes, tax breaks, as well as economic sanctions. Such an income distribution system in our country began to be introduced in 1964. She in its development was three stages. The essence of the reform of the income distribution system lies in the permanent decentralization of the seizure of the enterprise's income in favor of the state and reducing the financing of the enterprise's costs from the budget. The current system of distribution of income of domestic enterprises begins to perform the same functions as adopted in developed countries in the West. Thus, with the transition to a market economy in Russia, the profit assignment system is oriented on the operating abroad.

Common for all enterprises, regardless of the forms of ownership and activities, is the distribution of profits in accordance with the charter and collective agreement for the following purposes:

1) payments to the budget;

2) deductions to extrabudgetary funds established by the decision of the government or local authorities;

3) formation of the accumulation fund;

4) creating a consumption fund;

5) charitable goals;

6) Other purposes (accumulation of funds for property redemption, etc.).

Parliament has been made amendments and additions to the laws of Russia on taxation. Taking into account these changes, the following types of nationwide and local taxes and fees are identified:

a) value added tax;

b) excise taxes;

c) income tax and income;

The list and methods for calculating taxes may vary by decision of the legislative bodies,

The net income of the enterprise after paying taxes and deductions (entrepreneurial income) is used to form:

development Fund (accumulation fund), which corresponds to the increase in the main and working capital funds of the enterprise (capital gains);

fund of consumption (to increase the material interest of employees of the enterprise in improving the efficiency and profitability of the enterprise);

the reserve fund designed to finance the unforeseen costs associated with the risk of economic activities, other funds, if they are provided for by the constituent documents, laws, practices.

Fund size is rigidly not regulated, with the exception of individual directions of their use.

The accumulation fund and the consumption fund is a special purpose funds. They are formed if it is provided for by the constituent documents. The accumulation fund is created to finance the production development of the enterprise: to finance capital investments, expansion and reconstruction of the enterprise, on financing new developments, to repay loans and interest on them, on the maintenance of objects intended for cultural and educational works, to replenish their own working capital and others Thus, the fund of accumulation is a source of funds of economic entities, accumulating profits and other sources for creating a new property, the acquisition of fixed assets, current means etc. The accumulation fund indicates an increase in the property status of the enterprise, an increase in its own funds.

The consumption fund is a source of funds reserved by the economic entity for the implementation of social development activities (except capital investments) and the material promotion of the team. The consumption fund is sent to the following goals:

On the payment of one-time remuneration on the year of work for the year;

On the payment of benefits;

For payment of travel;

On issuing interest-free loans;

To establish allowance for pensions to working retirees;

One-time promotion of workers;

Establishing labor and social benefits;

On the payment of dividends on securities.

The reserve fund is created by an economic entity in case of termination of their activities to cover accounts payable. It is mandatory for a joint-stock company, cooperative, partnership, enterprises with foreign investment. Joint-stock company in the Reserve Fund further enlists the issuing income, i.e. the amount of the difference between the sale and nominal value of the shares, reversed when they are implemented at a price greater than the nominal value. This amount is not subject to use and distribution, except for the implementation of shares at a price below the nominal value. The reserve fund of the joint stock company is used to pay interest on bonds, dividends on preferred shares, in case of deficiency of net profit for these purposes. In some states, and in particular in Russia, the reserve fund should not exceed 50% taxed profits, and the Foundation size from 10 to 25% of the authorized capital. Separate enterprises, voluntary associations may have somewhat different from the general procedure for the distribution of profits. This difference is due to the specifics of creating authorized capital, target strategy and tactics, forms of ownership.

Profit distribution planning is carried out in two stages:

the first is determined by the need for profits in the following areas of use:

a) to finance the development of the material and technical base of the enterprise - the advancement of fixed capital. The need for profit in this area is determined on the basis of an expert assessment of the need to modernize the equipment, taking into account other sources of financing, but at least 10% of net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise (according to the current profit distribution procedure);

b) to finance the growth of eigenborpet funds - the advance payment of its own revolving capital. The calculation of the need for additional working capital can be made by the method of technical and economic calculations or the direct account method on the basis of data on the availability of working capital on the beginning of the planned period, the forecast growth rates of the volume of trade, taking into account the change in the participation of own funds in the payment of goods and the share of credited trade in its total. According to the current order, at least 40% of the net profit remains at the disposal of the enterprise should be directed to the replenishment of its own working capital;

c) to create financial reserves. The need for financial reserves is determined by two ways: or as a certain percentage of net profit, stipulated in constituent documents, or based on the need for finance due to the growth and expansion of the enterprise's activities.

d) to repay long-term and medium-term loans from the bank and pay interest on them. The need for these resources is determined by the contract and conditions for obtaining and repaying these loans;

e) to repay other types of credit obligations of the enterprise (bonds) and pay interest on them;

(e) The use of profit to acquire loan obligations, shares of other enterprises is determined mainly by expertly, taking into account the chosen targets in the development of the enterprise (overflow of capital into other types of economics, expansion of the sales market, etc.);

g) to finance the activities of associations, associations, concerns and other horizontal structures, which is a member of which this enterprise is. The need for profit for these purposes is determined by the agreement and the charter of all these structures, or as a percentage of the profit received or the volume of goods, or in the absolute amount;

h) to ensure the social development of the enterprise and enhance the material interest of workers, taking into account the need for social, cultural, housing events and their cost. Increasing the material interest of workers is possible by introducing the principle of "participation" in profits;

and) to ensure the fulfillment of tax liabilities to the state;

k) To pay dividends (if such expenses are provided for by the constituent documents). The economic basis for dividends on shares and bonds, except for shares of the joint stock company, in the opinion of many specialists, is that their owners are creditors of the enterprise and should receive a certain part of profits in the form of dividends, which corresponds to the price of borrowed capital in the production factors market (lower limit ) or equal to the additional profit received by the enterprise-borrower from the use of additional capital in the planned period in proportion to the share of equity capital in the total amount of funds used (upper limit).

Based on these economic parcels, the maximum size of the dividend foundation will be:

MFD \u003d DPZK \u003d MCHPEC (K1-3), where MFD is the maximum size of the dividend fund; DPZK - profit profit due to an increase in borrowed capital; Mchpek - the mass of the company's net profit (after paying taxes, calculation with creditors) per unit of property and funds available at its disposal (capital) in the basic period, p.; Ki, co - respectively, the value assessment of property and funds (capital) exhibiting in the planned and base period, thousand rubles. In joint-stock companies, the amount of funds reserved to pay dividends is determined by multiplying the dividend rate on the value of the action. Most companies (joint-stock companies) in dividends pays a relatively permanent amount of profit. It increases only when the company is absolutely sure that it will significantly increase profits in the planned year. Also reluctantly, the company is also to reduce the amount of dividend payments with a short-term reduction in profits.

The following factors affect the formation of policies in the field of dividends:

Legal restrictions (dividends can be paid only from the received profits in the reporting or past periods, dividends cannot be paid if the company is insolvent, etc.);

Tax restrictions (during the term when the company sends funds to replenish the fixed capital, shareholders are not taxed until they sell shares and will not receive income in the form of a difference between the nominal and real value of shares). Tax legislation is prohibited to accumulate large amounts of profit for these purposes, which is often associated with the desire to protect shareholders from taxes;

Obligations arising from the contract (various kinds of restrictions, limits, for example, may be written in constituent documents that dividends will not be paid until the company's profit reaches a certain size, etc.);

Liquid assets (cash required for dividend payments not only for the reporting, but also last periods; investment in the development of production, etc.);

The possibility of obtaining loans;

Prospects for the growth of enterprise, society, companies;

Inflation rates, etc.

At the second stage, the amount of profit needs is compared in all directions of its use with the possibilities of the enterprise to obtain it. The total amount of profits in the main above directions of its use is one of the options for the value of the enterprise's target profit. The final decisions on the planned directions of use of profit are accepted after approval of the profit plan, taking into account the possibilities of obtaining it. If the profit plan is less or more projected profits based on the need for it, this gives grounds for clarifying the magnitude of the profit sent to the appropriate channels of its use. Each enterprise annually amounts to planned estimates and estimates of the actual use of the accumulation fund and consumption fund. In each of these estimates, the remaining balance is shown, the receipt of funds in reporting year, expenses in specific areas, balance of funds at the beginning of the future period. The actual design of the estimate is analyzed for direct compliance with planned developments and evaluated the feasibility of the costs. The retained earnings of past years can be aimed at replenishing the reserve fund, to increase the authorized capital, to increase the specialized funds (for redemption of property, etc.), on the payment of income to the participants of the enterprise and others. An analysis of the distribution of profits in 1994 showed That the bulk of the net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is used to form and spend the funds of accumulation and consumption funds (see Table 1).

The current crisis situation in the economy, the high level of inflation and other reasons pushed commercial enterprises to an irrational, from an economic point of view, the use of profits, i.e., not focused on the development of the enterprise.