Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich Short biography. Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev brain phenomena Analysis of communication problems

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (1857 - 1927) - an outstanding Russian neuropathologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, morphologist and physiologist of the nervous system.

V. M. Bekhterev was born in with. Sorali of the Vyatka province, in the family of a collegiate secretary. At the age of 16, after graduating from high school, he entered the Medical and Surgical Academy, later renamed the Military Medical Academy. Due to severe overwork in preparation for the entrance exams and nervous stress associated with passing the exams, in September he went to the clinic of nervous diseases of Professor N. N. Sikorsky for treatment. The acquaintance and conversations with the professor made such a great impression on the young man that it determined his choice of specialization and active position in mastering his future profession.

The impetus for self-realization of the creative potential of Vladimir Bekhterev was the opportunity, starting from the third year, to actively engage in research work.

In 1878, after graduating from the Academy, he was left at the Department of Nervous Diseases with Professor IP Merzheevsky to prepare for a professorship.

The following fact testifies to the active self-realization of the creative potential of V. M. Bekhterev. At the age of 24, he successfully defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness."

His scientific work was greatly influenced by the work of I. M. Sechenov “Reflexes of the brain”.

The physiological works of V. M. Bekhterev, which are of particular importance, are devoted to elucidating the role of various parts of the nervous system in the activity of organs and systems of higher animals and humans. Beginning in 1883, he carefully studied issues related to stimulation of various parts of the nervous system, especially its higher sections. In particular, the physiological studies of V. M. Bekhterev (together with N. A. Mislavsky) are of great importance, which showed that in the diencephalon (thalamic region) there are centers that control the activity of the heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, bladder , eyes and other organs and systems. Based on these data, V. M. Bekhterev argued that in this section of the central nervous system there are higher autonomic (in particular, sympathetic) centers. Thus, the doctrine that higher sympathetic centers are located in the thalamic region of the brain, put forward in 1909-1912. Austrian neurologists Karplus and Kreidl, was substantiated long before them and developed in detail by V. M. Bekhterev. In particular, he showed the importance of the thalamic nerve centers in the emergence of emotions.

During a business trip abroad, undertaken to familiarize himself with foreign achievements in the field of psychiatry and psychology, V. M. Bekhterev received a notice that he had been elected an ordinary professor at the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University. This happened in 1885, when he was 28 years old. Here, his creative potential as an organizer of science was fully revealed. V.M. Bekhterev became the founder of the first Russian journal on neurology - "Neurological Bulletin" and the first Russian Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists. In 1895, in Kazan, he created an experimental psychological laboratory. In 1888 he published the monograph "Consciousness and Its Limits". Here, in Kazan, his research in the field of morphology and physiology of the nervous system unfolded in full measure.

The works of V. M. Bekhterev also covered key issues of psychology, clinical neuropathology and psychiatry. The morphological works of V. M. Bekhterev are devoted to the structure of all parts of the central nervous system: spinal, medulla oblongata, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres. He significantly expanded information about the pathways and the structure of the nerve centers; first described a number of bundles (conducting pathways) and cell formations (nuclei) unknown before him. Thus, a cell cluster was described, located outside the angle of the fourth ventricle, which was called the Bekhterev's nucleus.

Bekhterev summarized the results of his numerous studies in the fundamental work "The pathways of the spinal cord and brain" (1893). The second two-volume edition was published when he was already working in St. Petersburg (1896 - 1898).

At the age of 37, V. M. Bekhterev became a professor at the Military Medical Academy, and in 1897, a professor at the Women's Medical Institute. Here he created the second (after Kazan) psychological laboratory. Investigating the influence of the cerebral cortex on the activity of various organs and functional systems, V. M. Bekhterev showed that the organs of blood circulation, digestion, respiration, urination, etc. are represented in the cerebral cortex by the corresponding centers. He also established the localization of other centers in the cerebral cortex.

In 1895, V. M. Bekhterev proved that stimulation of certain centers of the brain leads to simultaneous inhibition of the corresponding antagonistic centers. This principle was essential in the activity of the nervous system.

V. M. Bekhterev summarized the results of his twenty years of research in the field of the physiology of the nervous system in the fundamental work “Fundamentals of the Teaching about the Functions of the Brain”, published in seven issues (1903 - 1907).

Clinical works of V. M. Bekhterev are devoted to various issues of neuropathology and psychiatry. He was the first to single out a number of characteristics of reflexes and symptoms that are important for the diagnosis of nervous diseases. In addition, he was the first to raise the question of the need to study bone reflexes. V. M. Bekhterev described independent forms of diseases that had not previously been identified by neuropathology, for example, stiffness of the spine, called "Bekhterev's disease."

More than 150 of his published papers are devoted to clinical research; some of them were reflected in the monographs "Nervous Diseases in Individual Observations" (Issue 1 - 2, 1894 - 1899) and "General Diagnosis of Diseases of the Nervous System" (parts 1 - 2, 1911 - 1915).

In works on psychiatry, V. M. Bekhterev considered disorders of mental processes in conjunction with impaired bodily functions. He spoke out against the restraint of mental patients, widely used methods of occupational therapy, physical education, hydrotherapy, etc., proposed his own methods of treating a number of diseases (in particular, the treatment of alcoholism with hypnosis). A special medicine, which has a wide therapeutic application in the clinic of nervous diseases, is known as Bekhterevskaya.

In the psychological laboratory at the Military Medical Academy, a large number of experimental studies of various types of sensitivity (skin, pain, visual, auditory, kinesthetic, vibrational) were carried out. Valuable devices were designed for these studies: trichoesthesiometer, bolemer, baroesthesiometer, myoesthesiometer, axtometer, seismometer, etc. The materials were published in a special journal "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", which was founded by V. M. Bekhterev in 1896 .

Being engaged in practical treatment of children and adults, V. M. Bekhterev summarized his observations on the characteristics of the psyche of adults and the causes of their illnesses. In these generalizations, in essence, the foundations of modern acmeology are laid.

Contemporaries in Russia and abroad spoke of V. M. Bekhterev as a scientist who knew more and better than others about the structure and functions of the brain. Thanks to his work, it was established that the brain is an organ of the psyche. In this regard, all reasoning about mental phenomena without connection with the brain, the function of which they are, became fruitless mysticism. Anatomical and physiological studies of the brain were an important condition for the transfer of speculative psychology to the natural sciences.

V. M. Bekhterev rejected the methods and theories of the prevailing subjective psychology and put forward the theory of studying objectively observed reactions of the body instead of the internal content of mental processes. He advocated an objective psychology (1907), calling it the "science of behavior." At one time this had a positive significance in the struggle against idealism in psychology.

Evidence of the exceptional organizational talent of V. M. Bekhterev is the creation by him in 1908 of the Psycho-Neurological Institute, built on donations from the royal lands specially allocated for these purposes. Money had to be received, and construction had to be organized. And V.M. Bekhterev managed to do all this.

The uniqueness of this scientific and educational complex was that it housed a university that accepted students regardless of class origin, and research institutions. On its basis, a whole network of scientific, clinical and research institutes was created, including the first Pedagogical Institute in Russia. This allowed V. M. Bekhterev to connect theoretical and practical research in the field of both psychiatry and neurology, and psychology.

The teachers of the Psychoneurological Institute included such leading scientists as M. M. Kovalevsky, N. E. Vvedensky, V. L. Komarov. His student was subsequently the most famous sociologist of the 20th century. Pitirim Sorokin.

A huge range of objects of experimental research - from newborns to the elderly, from the deep structures of the brain to human behavior in different social environments - allowed V. M. Bekhterev to make a generalization regarding the personality structure of a mature person and human immortality.

After analyzing various definitions of personality given by psychologists of that time, V. M. Bekhterev established that not only and not so much the synthesis of memory, character, mind, emotions, abilities and other facets create a personality. The main thing is its direction, aspiration and focus, i.е. that organizing core around which all the other features of a person gather in a unique ensemble.

At the end of February 1916, on the anniversary of the opening of courses at the Psychoneurological Institute, V. M. Bekhterev delivered a speech on the immortality of the human personality and man in general.

In 1918, V. M. Bekhterev became the founder of a new research institution - the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. He considered reflexology as an independent field of knowledge. An integral part of reflexology is the teaching of V. M. Bekhterev about “combination” reflexes acquired by an animal and a person in individual life as a result of a coincidence, “combination” of various phenomena of the external world with certain innate reactions of the body. Together with M. V. Lange and V. M. Myasishchev, V. M. Bekhterev conducted his experiments in groups of students of the Medical, Pedological and Psychoneurological Institutes. In the experiments, the indicators of each student were first determined (they were recorded on one sheet); the results were then discussed and voted on. The subjects were asked to make additions and changes to their previous indicators (they were recorded on another sheet).

As a result of research, V. M. Bekhterev found that the team increases the amount of knowledge of its members, corrects their mistakes, softens the attitude towards the act, and gives general shifts in the formulated indicators. Gender, age, educational and congenital differences were revealed in relation to shifts in mental processes in conditions of collective activity.

The results of experimental socio-psychological studies were summarized by V. M. Bekhterev in his works: “Consciousness and its boundaries” (Kazan, 1888), “On the localization of conscious activity in animals and humans” (St. Petersburg, 1896), "Neuropathological and psychiatric observations" (St. Petersburg, 1900), "Psyche and life" (St. Petersburg, 1904), "Fundamentals of the doctrine of brain functions", vol. 1 - 7 (St. Petersburg, 1903 - 1907), "Hypnosis, suggestion and psychotherapy" (St. Petersburg, 1911), "Collective reflexology (Petrograd, 1921)," The brain and its activity "(M. ; L., 1928).

V. M. Bekhterev is the founder of a holistic approach to the study of man, which has become the methodological principle of modern acmeology.

After the mysterious death of V. M. Bekhterev in 1927, when he was healthy, cheerful, energetic, full of new ideas and projects, criticism of his scientific heritage began, its consistent opposition to I. P. Pavlov, and his merits were hushed up. His own psychological work was especially sharply criticized.

In 1948, in connection with the struggle against genetics, the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity was closed. Under these conditions, the preservation and development of the psychological direction of research, laid down by V. M. Bekhterev, demanded from his followers great courage, purposefulness and the manifestation of organizational talent in the new conditions. One of the talented successors of the ideas of V. M. Bekhterev, the founder of the Leningrad school of psychologists, was B. G. Ananiev.

Control questions and tasks

1. What conditions affect the manifestation of creativity?

2. How do you understand the meaning of the concepts "microacme" and "macroacme"?

3. What factor played a decisive role in the early self-determination of N. I. Pirogov?

4. At what age did he have meaningful acme-target programs and how were they implemented in practice?

5. Tell us about the diverse acme-targeted programs of N. I. Pirogov. What life credo they were united by?

6. What is your attitude to certain thoughts of N. I. Pirogov expressed in the article “Questions of Life”?

7. What are the main directions for the realization of the creative potential of P. F. Lesgaft.

8. The development of what theories by P. F. Lesgaft served as the basis for the scientific substantiation of physical education?

9. What works by P. F. Lesgaft do you know?

10. Tell us in what directions V. M. Bekhterev's versatile scientific interests manifested themselves.

11. How did the new theories and concepts of V. M. Bekhterev develop in the organization of creative scientific teams?

12. Describe the main peaks of creativity V. M. Bekhterev.

1.Bekhterev V. M. Psyche and life. - St. Petersburg, 1904.

2. Huberman I. Bekhterev: pages of life. - M., 1977.

3. Krasnovsky A. A. Pedagogical ideas of N. I. Pirogov. - M., 1949.

4. Konstantinov N. A., Medynsky E. N., Shabaeva M. F. History of Pedagogy. - M., 1982.

5. Pirogov N.I. Selected pedagogical works. - M, 1985.

6. Teachings of P. F. Lesgaft about physical education and his pedagogical activity // Stolbov V. V. History of physical culture: Textbook for ped. in-comrade. - M., 1989.

RSFSR
the USSR Scientific area: Alma mater:

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev(January 20 (February 1), Sorali (now Bekhterevo, Yelabuga district) - December 24, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian medical psychiatrist, neuropathologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological trends in Russia, academician.

He organized in St. Petersburg the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society for Normal and Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Organization of Labor. He edited the journals "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", "Study and Education of Personality", "Issues of the Study of Labor" and others.

After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.

Along Bekhtereva Street in Moscow is located the largest in Moscow, the 14th city psychiatric hospital named after Bekhterev, which serves all districts of Moscow, especially the Closed Joint-Stock Company of Moscow.

Versions of the causes of death

According to the official version, the cause of death was food poisoning. There is a version that Bekhterev's death is connected with the consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.

According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain:

“The assumption that my great-grandfather was killed is not a version, but an obvious thing. He was killed for Lenin's diagnosis - syphilis of the brain.

Family

Bekhtereva-Nikonova, Olga Vladimirovna - daughter.
Bekhtereva, Natalya Petrovna - granddaughter.
Nikonov, Vladimir Borisovich - grandson.
Medvedev, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich - great-grandson.

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

Autumn 1914 - December 1927 - mansion - embankment of the Malaya Nevka River, 25.

Memory

In honor of Bekhterev, postage stamps and a commemorative coin were issued:

Memorable places

"Quiet Coast" - Bekhterev's estate in the current village of Smolyachkovo (Kurortny district of St. Petersburg), - a historical monument.
The house of V. M. Bekhterev in Kirov is a historical monument.

Scientific contribution

Bekhterev investigated a wide range of psychiatric, neurological, physiological, morphological and psychological problems. In his approach, he always focused on a comprehensive study of the problems of the brain and man. Carrying out the reformation of modern psychology, he developed his own teaching, which he consistently designated as objective psychology (s), then as psychoreflexology (s) and as reflexology (s). He paid special attention to the development of reflexology as a complex science of man and society (different from physiology and psychology), designed to replace psychology.

Widely used the concept of "nervous reflex". Introduced the concept of "associative-motor reflex" and developed the concept of this reflex. He discovered and studied the pathways of the human spinal cord and brain, described some brain formations. Established and identified a number of reflexes, syndromes and symptoms. Physiological Bekhterev's reflexes (scapular-shoulder reflex, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) make it possible to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological reflexes (Mendel-Bekhterev's dorsal reflex, carpal-finger reflex, Bekhterev-Jacobson reflex) reflect the defeat of the pyramidal pathways.

Described some diseases and developed methods of their treatment (“Postencephalitic symptoms of Bechterev”, “Psychotherapeutic triad of Bechterev”, “Phobic symptoms of Bechterev”, etc.). Bekhterev described "stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" (" Bekhterev's disease", "Ankylosing spondylitis"). Bekhterev singled out such diseases as "chorea epilepsy", "syphilitic multiple sclerosis", "acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics". Created a number of drugs. "Ankylosing spondylitis" was widely used as a sedative.

For many years he studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion, including alcoholism.

For more than 20 years he studied the issues of sexual behavior and child rearing. Developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children.

on the normal anatomy of the nervous system;
pathological anatomy of the central nervous system;
physiology of the central nervous system;
in the clinic of mental and nervous diseases and, finally,
in psychology (Formation of our ideas about space, "Bulletin of Psychiatry",).

In these works, Bekhterev was engaged in the study and study of the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and the course of fibers in the gray matter, and at the same time, on the basis of the experiments performed, elucidation of the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (optic tubercles, vestibular branches of the auditory nerve, inferior and superior olives, quadrigemina, etc.).

Bekhterev also managed to obtain some new data on the localization of various centers in the cerebral cortex (for example, on the localization of skin - tactile and pain - sensations and muscle consciousness on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, "Doctor",) and also on the physiology of the motor centers of the cerebral cortex ( "Doctor", ). Many works of Bekhterev are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases.

Compositions:

Fundamentals of the doctrine of the functions of the brain, St. Petersburg, 1903-07;
Objective psychology, St. Petersburg, 1907-10;
Psyche and life, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1904;
Bekhterev V.M. Suggestion and its role in public life. St. Petersburg: Edition of K.L. Ricker, 1908
- Bechterew, W. M. La suggestion et son rôle dans la vie sociale; trad. et adapté du russe par le Dr P. Keraval. Paris: Boulangé, 1910
General diagnostics of diseases of the nervous system, parts 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1911-15;
Collective reflexology, P., 1921
General principles of human reflexology, M.-P., 1923;
Conducting pathways of the spinal cord and brain, M.-L., 1926;
Brain and activity, M.-L., 1928: Selected. Prod., M., 1954.

From the photo archive

Notes

Literature

Nikiforov A.S. Bekhterev / Afterword. N. T. Trubilina .. - M .: Young Guard, 1986. - (Life of wonderful people. A series of biographies. Issue 2 (664)). - 150,000 copies.(in trans.)
Chudinovskikh A. G. V.M. Bekhterev. Biography. - Kirov: Triada-S LLC, 2000. - 256 p. from. - 1000 copies.

Historiography and links

Akimenko, M. A. (2004). Psychoneurology is a scientific direction created by V. M. Bekhterev
Akimenko, M. A. & N. Dekker (2006). V. M. Bekhterev and medical schools of the University of Leipzig

Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich in the library of Maxim Moshkov
The role of suggestion in public life - speech by V. M. Bekhterev on December 18, 1897
Biographical materials about V. M. Bekhterev from the Khronos project

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Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

2007 marked the 150th anniversary of the birth of V.M. Bekhterev - scientist-encyclopedist: neuropathologist, psychiatrist, morphologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of the national school of psychoneurologists.

Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich was born on January 20 (February 1, old style), 1857, in the village of Sarali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province - now the village of Bekhterevo in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Bekhterev's father, Mikhail Pavlovich, was a bailiff; mother, Maria Mikhailovna, daughter of a titular adviser, was educated in a boarding school, where they taught both music and French. In addition to Vladimir, the family had two more sons: Nikolai and Alexander, 6 and 3 years older than him. In 1864 the family moved to Vyatka, and a year later the head of the family died of consumption. The financial situation of the family was very difficult, nevertheless, the brothers received a higher education.

In 1873, at the age of 16.5, V.M. Bekhterev entered the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Shortly after admission, he suffered a mental disorder - "severe neurasthenia" (diagnosed by V.M. Bekhterev himself), possibly caused by the new living conditions of a provincial youth in the capital, but 28 days of treatment at the clinic for mental and nervous diseases of the academy restored his health. Perhaps that is why, as a 4th year student, he chose the specialty "nervous and mental illness", but in his autobiography he himself explained the choice by the fact that it made it possible to be closer to public life. As a final year student, Bekhterev took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. as part of the "flying sanitary detachment of the Ryzhov brothers." One of the brothers was a student of the Medico-Surgical Academy. In the detachment of 12 people there were 7 medical students of the Moscow Art Academy. Under the pseudonym "Order", Bekhterev wrote notes to the newspaper "Severny Vestnik". In 1878, Bekhterev passed his final exams ahead of schedule and very successfully and was left for further improvement at the Professor's Institute at the Academy.

On September 9, 1879, Bekhterev married Natalya Petrovna Bazilevskaya, whom he had known since the gymnasium in Vyatka. They had six children: Eugene, who was born in 1880, soon died, Olga was born in 1883, Vladimir in 1887, Peter in 1888, Ekaterina in 1890, and her beloved daughter Maria in 1904. .

In 1881, Bekhterev defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic: “The experience of a clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness,” and on November 20 of the same year he received the academic title of Privatdozent. In 1883, the Italian Society of Psychiatrists elected V.M. Bekhterev as a full member, and the Society of Russian Doctors awarded him a silver medal for the study "On forced and violent movements during the destruction of some parts of the central nervous system."

As a candidate for an internship, V.M. Bekhterev submitted 58 papers to the competition committee on various issues of experimental research and the clinic of nervous and mental illnesses, and on 06/01/1984, by the decision of the Academy Conference, he was sent on his first scientific trip abroad to Germany. V.M. Bekhterev attended lectures by Westphal, Mendel, Dubois-Raymond and other well-known German scientists involved in the study of the nervous system. Then, in Leipzig, he worked with the leading neurologist and morphologist of that time, P. Flexig, to whom he soon dedicated his first fundamental monograph, Pathways of the Spinal Cord and Brain. Here he began to study psychology in the laboratory of the famous W. Wund. In December 1884 V.M. Bekhterev received an official invitation from the Minister of Public Education Delyanova to take the chair of psychiatry at Kazan University. He accepted this invitation with certain conditions, one of which was the completion of the full program of the scientific mission. After Leipzig, Bekhterev visited Paris, where he got acquainted with the work of the great J. Charcot, and then Munich (prof. Gudden's clinic) and completed his business trip in the summer of 1885 in Vienna at the clinic of prof. Meinert.

In the autumn of 1885 V.M. Bekhterev began to work at Kazan University. He reorganized the department of psychiatry, at which he soon organized the first psychophysiological laboratory in Russia, where V.M. Bekhterev began to study the morphology of the nervous system. In the Kazan period of V.M. Bekhterev enriched science with discoveries in the field of anatomy and physiology of various structures of the brain and spinal cord. These studies were summarized in the first monograph, Pathways of the Spinal Cord and Brain (1893); three years later, in 1896, the second, thoroughly revised, edition was published, three times larger in volume and supplemented by 302 drawings made from brain preparations. This is a collection of empirical material of great value, obtained both by the author himself and by other researchers. The German professor F. Kopsch (1868-1955) claimed that "only two know the anatomy of the brain perfectly - this is God and Bekhterev." In 1892 V.M. Bekhterev was the initiator of the creation of the Kazan Neurological Society, and in 1893 he created the journal Neurological Bulletin, the editor of which was for many subsequent years.

September 26, 1893 V.M. Bekhterev, instead of his teacher I.P. Merzheevsky (1838–1908), headed the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases of the Military Medical Academy and became director of the mental illness clinic of the Clinical Military Hospital, on the basis of which the department was located. Here, research continued, begun back in Kazan and culminating in the publication in 1903-1907 of the monograph "Fundamentals of the Teaching about the Functions of the Brain", in 7 parts. This work of 2500 pages contains an analysis of the functions of various parts of the nervous system. In 1909 the work was translated into German. During his service in the Navy (1893–1913), the family of V.M. Bekhtereva occupied a state-owned apartment at the psychiatric clinic of the Military Medical Academy (Botkinskaya st., 9).

In St. Petersburg in 1896 V.M. Bekhterev created the journal Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology, and in 1897 a newly built clinic for nervous diseases of the Military Medical Academy (Lesnoy pr., 2) was opened, in which a special operating room was organized for the surgical treatment of certain nervous and mental disorders. diseases.

In 1899 V.M. Bekhterev was elected an academician of the Military Medical Academy and awarded the gold medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A year later (in 1900) V.M. Bekhterev was awarded the Baer Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the same year, he was elected chairman of the Russian Society of Normal and Pathological Psychology and professor at the Women's Medical Institute in the Department of Nervous and Mental Diseases.

During the winter of 1905/1906 V.M. Bekhterev acted as head of the Military Medical Academy. In his autobiography, he wrote about this time: “I was required to lead the academy, as an institution of the military department, “safely” through the storm and onslaught of the revolution. I can say that this was done with honor, but it would be superfluous to give here the details of all the incidents that took place at the academy during this time. The Minister of War invited V.M. Bekhterev to take this post "finally..., retaining the chair and directorship of the clinic for me", but V.M. Bekhterev refused: during these years his scientific interests were directed to the study of psychology - in 1903 he first proposed the creation of a Psychoneurological Institute. These plans were successfully implemented in 1907. In the same year, V.M. Bekhterev received the title of Honored Ordinary Professor.

Over the next four years, filled with efforts to create an institute, V.M. Bekhterev completed the three-volume monograph "Objective Psychology". In 1911, the Institute's first own buildings appeared in the so-called Tsar's Town beyond the Nevskaya Zastava, built by the well-known specialist in the construction of medical institutions, court architect R. F. Meltzer (1860–1943). In the same 1911, V.M. Bekhterev published a monograph "Hypnosis, suggestion and hypnotherapy and their therapeutic value."

In 1912, the Experimental Clinical Institute for the Study of Alcoholism was opened within the structure of the Psychoneurological Institute. A year later, the international scientific community decided to transform it into an international scientific center. On January 19, 1913, the Council of the Psychoneurological Institute unanimously elected V.M. Bekhterev as President of the Institute for the next five years; On January 24, the relevant documents were sent for approval to the Ministry of Public Education.

In September-October, V.M. Bekhterev took part in the widely discussed “Beilis Case” in Russia: he conducted a second psychiatric examination and proved the innocence of Mendel Beilis (he was charged with the ritual murder of an Orthodox 13-year-old boy Andrei Yushchinsky, and according to the results of the first examination conducted by Professor I.A. Sikorsky, this possibility was not ruled out). After V.M. Bekhterev at the trial M. Beilis was acquitted by a jury. The examination of the Beilis case entered the history of science as the first forensic psychological and psychiatric examination.

Immediately after V.M. Bekhterev on the “Beilis Case”, on October 5, the answer came from the Minister of Public Education L.A. Kasso (1865-1914) to the presentation of the Psycho-Neurological Institute: he did not find it "possible to approve the Academician Privy Councilor Bekhterev for the new five years in the rank of President of the Institute." At the same time, V.M. Bekhterev was fired from the Military Medical Academy and from the Women's Medical Institute.

In 1913, the Bekhterev family settled in their own house, built according to the design of the architect R.F. Meltzer on Kamenny Island. In those days, there were auxiliary buildings on the plot at the mansion: a stable, a garage for a scientist's car, etc. (only the main building has survived). In addition, the family had a dacha "Quiet Coast" on the shores of the Gulf of Finland (the area of the current village of Smolyachkovo), where they spent Sundays, holidays and all summer. Not far from Bekhterev's dacha, thirty versts away, were "Penates" - the estate of the Russian artist I.E. Repin (1844-1930), who was often visited by Bekhterev. According to the memoirs of the daughter of the scientist Maria, they went to Repin along the bay on horseback on loose sands twice a summer and always on Ilyin's day. In the summer of 1913, I.E. Repin painted the famous portrait of V.M. Bekhterev, kept in the Russian Museum, and its author's copy is in the memorial museum of V.M. Bekhterev at the Psychoneurological Institute. The same museum also houses the work of the sculptor E.A. Bloch - a bust of a scientist. While posing V.M. Bekhterev himself fashioned the head of a suffering boy from a piece of clay, and the sculptor Bloch attached this work of the scientist to the bust of Bekhterev he had made. The meaning of the amazing composition can be expressed as follows: the suffering of the patient is the essence of Bekhterev the doctor.

During the First World War, V.M. Bekhterev contributed to the re-equipment of the Psycho-Neurological Institute into a Military Hospital, in which a first-class neurosurgical department functioned, later transformed into the first Neurosurgical Institute in Russia. In 1916, the educational units at the Psychoneurological Institute were transformed into the Private Petrograd University.

Revolution of 1917 V.M. Bekhterev accepted and from December 1917 began working in the scientific and medical department of the People's Commissariat for Education. Since 1918, he was already a member of the Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education, and in the same year he managed to organize the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity (Institute of the Brain), for which the government allocated the building of the palace of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Jr. (Petrovskaya Embankment, 2 ). At the Institute, research began in full swing within the framework of a new scientific direction named by V.M. Bekhterev reflexology. In the same year, his monograph "General Foundations of Reflexology" was published.

In 1918, the Private Petrograd University at the Psychoneurological Institute received the official status of the Second Petrograd University. But in 1919, higher education was reorganized in Petrograd, as a result of which the law and pedagogical faculties were transferred to the First Petrograd University, the medical faculty was transformed into the State Institute of Medical Knowledge (GIMZ), the chemical and pharmaceutical department into the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - to the Veterinary and Zootechnical Institute. Thus, the created system of training at the university at the Psycho-Neurological Institute turned out to be so perfect that, if the need arose, individual faculties and even departments were turned into independent higher educational institutions without much difficulty.

January 1, 1920 V.M. Bekhterev addressed in the press to doctors all over the world with a protest against the food blockade of Russia, which was organized by the Entente countries. This statement in the press was broadcast on the same day and by radio abroad. The speech of the world famous scientist had a certain impact on the public of foreign countries, and after a while the newspapers reported that the blockade was being lifted.

From 1920 until the end of V.M. Bekhterev was a deputy of the Petrograd Soviet, taking an active part in the work of the permanent commission on public education.

In 1921 V.M. Bekhterev achieved the reorganization of the system of research institutions of the Psychoneurological Institute into the Psychoneurological Academy and was elected its President. In the same year, V.M. Bekhterev published the monograph Collective Reflexology. During this period, the scientist paid much attention to the study of the physiology of the labor processes of various professions and to the issues of the scientific organization of labor.

In the memoirs of V.M. Bekhterev and his relatives, his distinguishing feature is noted - an incredible ability to work. In between lectures, he did not rest, but conducted hypnosis sessions in the next room. Constantly wrote something, even on the road. I slept no more than 5–6 hours a day, usually falling asleep at 3 am. After waking up, often without getting up yet, V.M. Bekhterev set to work on the manuscripts. He was modest and undemanding. The external conditions of life for him and his work did not play any role. Three times a week V.M. Bekhterev received patients at home from eight o'clock in the evening and often until late at night (up to 40 patients per evening).

In the summer at the dacha of V.M. Bekhterev slept and worked on a balcony with a huge open window overlooking the bay. There was a small table and a comfortable straw chair in which he sometimes wrote poetry for relaxation, and over time he accumulated quite a lot of them. Value time, he almost did not go on foot. He ate little, mostly vegetarian and dairy foods. For breakfast, I preferred steep oatmeal jelly with milk. At dinner, he was served separately fresh salad, without seasoning, whole leaves. He did not drink alcohol at all and did not smoke. Systematically swam in the bay until late autumn.

Brilliant abilities, an inquisitive mind, adamant perseverance in achieving the set goal and V.M. Bekhterev were aimed at the consistent resolution of the most difficult problems of medical theory and practice in the study, treatment and prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases.

After the revolution, Bekhterev's wife, Natalia Petrovna, lived at the dacha "Quiet Coast", which turned out to be abroad, in Finland. During the period of post-revolutionary devastation in the life of V.M. Bekhterev, another woman appeared - Berta Yakovlevna Gurzhi (nee Are). B.Ya. Gurzhi, an employee of the office in the Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists (KUBU), provided V.M. Bekhterev his apartment, located in the city center, to receive patients. After the death of Natalya Petrovna in 1926, Bekhterev formalized his relationship with Berta Yakovlevna, and she began to bear his last name.

In 1927 V.M. Bekhterev received the title of Honored Scientist. On December 24, 1927, during the work of the I All-Union Congress of Neurologists and Psychiatrists in Moscow, at which V.M. Bekhterev made a report, he died suddenly. The circumstances of the disease - its development during the day, the lack of professionalism of the treatment carried out - as well as the features of the pathoanatomical autopsy (only the brain was removed and examined), the hasty cremation of the body in Moscow and the subsequent oblivion of the scientist for 30 years - all this suggests a violent nature of death. Berta Yakovlevna, who accompanied Bekhterev to Moscow, was present at his death. In 1937 she was repressed and shot a month after her arrest. Urn with the ashes of V.M. Bekhterev, kept for many years in the memorial museum of V.M. Bekhterev, only in 1970 was buried on the Literary bridges. The author of the tombstone is M.K. Anikushin (1917–1997).

“Systematic index of works and speeches of V.M. Bekhterev printed in Russian”, compiled by O.B. Kazanskaya and T.Ya. Khvilivitsky in 1954 contains about a thousand names. These works reflect: the discoveries of V.M. Bekhterev in the morphology and physiology of the nervous system, the description of 19 new forms of diseases in psychoneurology, the invention of many new methods of diagnosis and treatment, etc. It is known that V.M. Bekhterev conducted about a thousand forensic psychiatric examinations. The journal "Bulletin of Knowledge" in 1926 published a list of institutions and journals that arose on the initiative and with the direct participation of Vladimir Mikhailovich: institutions - 33, journals - 10. Subsequently, studies of the scientist's work made it possible to add 17 more institutions and 2 journals to this list. Work on the bibliography of the works of V.M. Bekhterev’s research continues, and at present, 1350 works published in various journals and individual publications in Russian and about 500 in other languages, mainly in German and French, have been identified. However, the complete collection of works has not yet been published.

In 1957, on the 100th anniversary of the scientist, the street on which the Psychoneurological Institute is located was named Bekhterev Street, in 1960 a monument was erected to him in front of the main building of the institute (sculptor M.K. Anikushin), a memorial plaque was placed on the building: “Founder Academician V. M. Bekhterev of the Psychoneurological Institute worked here from 1908 to 1927. Since 1925, the Psychoneurological Institute bears his name.

All rights reserved. No part of the electronic version of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including posting on the Internet and corporate networks, for private and public use, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Foreword

"... Only two know - the Lord God and Bekhterev"

He was surprised. Professor Mikhail Pavlovich Nikitin, a student of Academician Bekhterev, recalled his conversation with one of the foreign scientists, who unexpectedly admitted: “I would believe that Vladimir Bekhterev alone did so much in science and wrote so many scientific papers if I was sure that they could be read for one life." Various bibliographic reference books testify that Vladimir Bekhterev wrote and published more than a thousand scientific papers.

They believed in him. Recommending the young scientist Bekhterev to head the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, his teacher I. M. Balinsky wrote that “he stood with a firm foot on the anatomical and physiological ground - the only one from which further success should be expected in the science of nervous and mental illnesses.”

There were legends about him. One of the most famous even received the name "Bekhterev on the round." “Bekhterev walked around the wards, accompanied by a “tail”, joked, smiling, somehow freely solving today issues that baffled others.

- This patient became deaf after a quarrel. Otolaryngologists do not find any changes in the hearing aid. It was believed that the deafness was hysterical, but ... - Raisa Yakovlevna Golant reported to Bekhterev, throwing up her pointed chin in a businesslike manner.

- HM! - He clapped his hands over the very ear of the patient: no reaction. “However…” He gestured to the patient to undress to the waist. He wrote on a piece of paper: “I will run a finger or a piece of paper along your back, and you will answer me - with what?” And then, swiping his finger, he rustled the paper at the same time.

“A piece of paper,” said the sick man quickly.

- You are healthy, already hear! You can be discharged.

“Thank you,” the patient agreed quietly. Bekhterev told the doctors who accompanied him:

– Simulation vulgaris.

“…This patient was transferred to us from Maximilianovskaya,” Golant continued. - Right side paralysis. The patient suffers from heart disease. Vascular embolism was suspected. Treatment for two months did not give any improvement. We have decided to consult with you...

Bekhterev carefully examined the patient and, putting the tube to the skull, began to listen to him. He called everyone in turn:

- Do you hear? This is what is called "the noise of the top." I'm guessing an aneurysm. It presses on the motor area of the left hemisphere. The patient must be operated on immediately.

The round continued.

- Aphasia ... An engineer by profession, who came to us already with a complete loss of speech. However, it can be explained in writing or with the help of a special dictionary. Hearing is not broken.

Bekhterev paused, cleared his throat. Finally, he leaned over to the patient, took hold of the button of his dressing gown:

- Tell me, dear ... how much is two plus two?

The patient was embarrassed, shrugged his shoulders in bewilderment, wrinkled his forehead pitifully. Bekhterev sighed:

- Apparently, the anterior part of Broca's center, anatomically connected with the center of the account, is affected ... - and, moving away from the patient, he said: - Symptomatic treatment. Bromides. Physiotherapy. Peace! - and spread his hands, emphasizing the impotence of medicine.

And to this frail, nimble old woman, who got up, smiling, at the entrance of the academician to the ward, Bekhterev approached himself:

“Well, grandma, is it better?”

“Better, falcon, better.

- Here you go. Wonderful. Go to your old man. And all will be well. I'll come to your golden wedding."

They were truly admired. Bekhterev's colleagues said in earnest that only two people know the anatomy of the brain - the Lord God and Bekhterev.

The stages of his "great journey" were amazing. Vladimir Bekhterev was a genius. He was the first in the world to create a new scientific direction - psychoneurology and devoted his whole life to the study of the human personality. It was for this that he founded 33 institutes, 29 scientific journals. More than 5,000 students have passed the Bekhterev school. Starting with studying the physiology of the brain, he moved on to studying its work in various modes and reflecting them on physiology.

He seriously studied hypnosis, and even introduced his medical practice in Russia.

He was the first to form the laws of social psychology, developed the issues of personality development.

With his titanic work, he proved that one person can do a lot if he goes to a big goal. And on the way to the goal he acquires a lot of titles and knowledge. Bekhterev is a professor, academician, psychiatrist, neuropathologist, psychologist, physiologist, morphologist, hypnotist and philosopher.

The genius was born on February 1, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province, in the family of a bailiff. At the age of nine, he was left without a father, and a family of five - a mother and four sons - experienced great financial difficulties.

In 1878 he graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy. Since 1885, he was the head of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, where he first created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the journal Neurological Bulletin and the Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists.

Since 1893 he worked in St. Petersburg, served as a professor at the Military Medical Academy. Since 1897 - professor at the Women's Medical Institute.

In 1908 he became director of the Psychoneurological Institute organized by him.

In 1918, he headed the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Psychic Activity, created on his initiative (later the State Reflexological Institute for the Study of the Brain, which received his name).

In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.

As a scientist, he was always interested in man - his psyche and brain. According to experts, he studied personality on the basis of a comprehensive study of the brain by physiological, anatomical and psychological methods, later - through an attempt to create a comprehensive science of man and society (called reflexology).

The largest contribution to science was the work of Bekhterev in the field of brain morphology.

He devoted almost 20 years to the study of sex education and the behavior of a young child.

All his life he studied the power of hypnotic suggestion, including in alcoholism. Developed the theory of suggestion.

He was the first to identify a number of characteristic reflexes, symptoms and syndromes that are important for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases. He described a number of diseases and methods of their treatment. In addition to the dissertation "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", Bekhterev owns numerous works that are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases. For example, he studied and treated many mental disorders and syndromes: fear of blushing, fear of being late, obsessive jealousy, obsessive smile, fear of someone else's gaze, fear of impotence, obsession with reptiles (reptilophrenia) and others.

Assessing the importance of psychology for solving the fundamental problems of psychiatry, Bekhterev did not forget that psychiatry, as a clinical discipline, in turn, enriches psychology, poses new problems for it, and solves some difficult questions of psychology. Bekhterev understood this mutual enrichment of psychology and psychiatry as follows: “... having received an impetus in its development, psychiatry, as a science dealing with painful disorders of mental activity, has rendered enormous services to psychology. The latest advances in psychiatry, largely due to the clinical study of mental disorders at the bedside, have formed the basis of a special branch of knowledge known as pathological psychology, which has already led to the solution of very many psychological problems and from which, no doubt, even more can be done in this respect. expect in the future."

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

V. M. Bekhterev among students of the Imperial Military Medical Academy

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (January 20 (February 1), 1857, Sarali (now Bekhterevo, Yelabuga district) - December 24, 1927, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian psychiatrist, neuropathologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological trends in Russia, academician.

In 1907, he founded the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg - the world's first scientific center for the comprehensive study of man and the scientific development of psychology, psychiatry, neurology and other "human science" disciplines, organized as a research and higher educational institution, now bearing the name of V. M. Bekhterev .

Biography

He was born into the family of a petty civil servant in the village of Sarali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province, presumably on January 20, 1857 (he was baptized on January 23, 1857). He was a representative of the ancient Vyatka family of Bekhterevs. Educated at the Vyatka Gymnasium and the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy.
At the end of the course (1878), Bekhterev devoted himself to the study of mental and nervous diseases and for this purpose he worked at the clinic of prof. I. P. Merzheevsky.

In 1879, Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists. And in 1884 he was sent abroad, where he studied with Dubois-Reymond (Berlin), Wundt (Leipzig), Meinert (Vienna), Charcot (Paris) and others.

On the defense of his doctoral dissertation (April 4, 1881), he was approved as a Privatdozent of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy, and since 1885 he was a professor at Kazan University and head of a psychiatric clinic in the Kazan district hospital. While working at Kazan University, he created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists. In 1893 he headed the Department of Nervous and Mental Diseases of the Medico-Surgical Academy. In the same year he founded the journal Neurological Bulletin. In 1894, Vladimir Mikhailovich was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1895 - a member of the military medical scientific council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of the mentally ill. Since 1897 he also taught at the Women's Medical Institute.

In November 1900, the two-volume Bekhterev's Pathways of the Spinal Cord and Brain was nominated by the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Academician K.M. Baer Prize. In the same year, Vladimir Mikhailovich was elected chairman of the Russian Society of Normal and Pathological Psychology.

After the completion of work on the seven volumes of "Fundamentals of the Doctrine of the Functions of the Brain", Bekhterev's special attention as a scientist began to be attracted to the problems of psychology. Proceeding from the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and, above all, on the doctrine of combination (conditioned) reflexes. In 1907-1910, Bekhterev published three volumes of the book "Objective Psychology". The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and vegetative reactions that are available for observation and registration.

He was a member of the editorial committee of the multi-volume "Traite international de psychologie pathologique" ("International Treatise on Pathological Psychology") (Paris, 1908-1910), for which he wrote several chapters. In 1908, the Psychoneurological Institute founded by Bekhterev began its work in St. Petersburg.
Pedagogical, legal and medical faculties were opened in it. In 1916, these faculties were transformed into the private Petrograd University at the Psychoneurological Institute. Bekhterev himself took an active part in the work of the institute and the university, headed the economic committee of the latter.

In May 1918, Bekhterev petitioned the Council of People's Commissars to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. Soon the Institute was opened, and Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was its director until his death. In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.

At the age of about 70, he married a second marriage to Yagoda's young niece, Berta Yakovlevna.

He died suddenly on December 24, 1927 in Moscow. He was buried on Literatorskie bridges at the Volkovsky cemetery in Leningrad.

After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.

Versions of the causes of death

According to the official version, the cause of death was food poisoning. There is a version that Bekhterev's death is associated with a consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.

According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain:

“The assumption that my great-grandfather was killed is not a version, but an obvious thing. He was killed for Lenin's diagnosis - syphilis of the brain.

VERSIONS ON THE CAUSES OF V.M. BEKHTEREV
Lukashina V.A., Gubanova G.V.

2012 marks the 155th anniversary of the birth and 85th anniversary of the death of Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich - the founder of domestic experimental psychology, a doctor, neuropathologist, psychiatrist, physiologist and morphologist, whose work on the study of brain morphology has become a significant contribution to science.

The circumstances of the unexpected death of this remarkable scientist, which followed on December 24, 1927, have not yet been finally clarified and serve as the basis for various legends. There are several versions of the reasons for Bekhterev's death. Let's consider some of them.

According to the official version, the cause of death was food poisoning. According to information, in December 1927, Bekhterev, going from Leningrad to Moscow for the 1st All-Union Congress of Neurologists and Psychiatrists, received a telegram from the Kremlin's medical department with a request, upon arriving in Moscow, to contact the department. On Friday, December 22, returning from the Kremlin, Bekhterev made a presentation at the congress, then from the very morning of December 23 he examined the new laboratory of the Institute for Psychoprophylaxis, and from there went to the Bolshoi Theater to see Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake. It was there that the scientist seemed to have eaten something in the buffet, and this contributed to his poisoning. From the second act V.M. Bekhterev returned to the apartment of Professor S.I. Blagovolin, with whom he stayed in Moscow, feeling unwell. A visiting professor, Burmin, prescribed bed rest for him. By evening, Bekhterev's health deteriorated sharply. This time, together with Burmin, Professor Shervinsky arrived, as well as two doctors - Klimenkov and Konstantinovsky. Both professors confirmed the morning diagnosis - an acute gastrointestinal illness; The doctors stayed on duty for the night.

The general poisoning of Bekhterev's organism grew uncontrollably. He lost consciousness at times. Breathing became ragged. The pulse rate dropped sharply, and at 23:45 on December 24, after a short agony, the great scientist died of heart failure.

On the morning of December 25, Blagovolin's apartment was filled with the luminaries of Soviet medicine of that time. Neurologists G.I. arrived. Rossolimo, L.S. Minora, V.V. Kramer, psychiatrist V.A. Gilyarovsky, pathologist A.I. Abrikosov, People's Commissar of Health N.A. Semashko. Sculptor I.D. Shadr removed the plaster mask, and Professor Abrikosov removed the brain of the deceased. The last will of V.M. Bekhterev: to transfer his brain to the Leningrad Institute for Brain Research, to cremate the body.

The death of Bekhterev gave rise to a version of the legend with many unknowns. Doubts about the official version arose among many colleagues of the medical scientist. Some believe that it is strange and stupid to think "as if a world-famous scientist could be treated to stale food in a glorified theater." Others argue that the sick Bekhterev received insufficient and unqualified assistance. An obituary in the Journal of Knowledge reported that the cause of death was a gastrointestinal disease.
This conclusion is assessed by supporters of the poisoning version as "vague and unprofessional". This, of course, is not at all the case. Doctors tried to do everything possible, using all the achievements of science of that time.

It seems strange, in our opinion, that "representatives of the People's Commissariat of Health decided not to do an autopsy and pathoanatomical examination, but decided only to remove the brain" . The body was supposedly cremated at the will of the scientist, but all Bekhterev's relatives (except his wife) were against this.

One of the assumptions was that Bekhterev was deliberately poisoned by the NKVD after he spoke impartially about the state of mental health of I.V. Stalin. It was as if Bekhterev was several hours late for the meeting of the congress on December 22. When asked by his colleagues about the reason for the delay, he replied with irritation that he "was watching one dry-armed paranoid." Moreover, Bekhterev made a disastrous conclusion for himself that with such a disease a person cannot lead the country. And Bekhterev casually and openly allegedly shared these conclusions with his colleagues, frankly calling Stalin "a dry-handed paranoid." But even a novice psychiatrist cannot say that about a patient, and Bekhterev was the largest specialist recognized throughout the world. He was distinguished by exceptional tact, delicacy, subtlety in relations with people, urged his colleagues to observe medical secrecy, to spare the pride of patients ...

A completely different version of Bekhterev's death was expressed in an interview with Rudolf Balandin, a correspondent for the magazine "Technology of Youth", writer Gleb Anfilov. According to his hypothesis, the scientist's death was directly related to his work in the field of creating "ideological weapons". During conversations with former employees of Bekhterev, Anfilov learned that two directions in research stood out. One of them is the transmission of thoughts and emotions at a distance, that is, telepathy. In the development of another direction, a conventional radio network or microphone was used for suggestion.

The "ideological weapon" resulting from the experiments was supposed to have an internal application. If psychological weapons are usually used to suppress and disorganize the enemy, then this, on the contrary, should have mobilized and inspired "our own". In fact, it was a weapon to conquer their own people. It created not only obedient crowds, but also the image of an adored leader. At the beginning of 1927, one of the leaders of the work suddenly disappeared, most likely, he fled to Germany, taking secret papers with him. This explains a lot in the similarity of the political situations in Russia and Germany at that time.
Bekhterev was under the gun of the NKVD. In addition, the authorities no longer felt the need for it, since the method had been worked out and tested. .

“The circumstances of the death of Academician Bekhterev at the end of the twenties were secretly investigated by three major Russian lawyers: N. K. Muravyov, P. N. Malyantovich and A. A. Iogansen,” the grandson of the latter writes in his book. According to the author of this study, in 1927 G.E. Zinoviev, who was at the head of the Leningrad party organization, having entered into a mortal battle with Stalin for power, decided to bring charges against the “leader and teacher” of poisoning Lenin. Zinoviev in 1927 hoped to defeat Iosif Vissarionovich with the help of Bekhterev's testimony. For which he began to put pressure on the scientist. He examined the sick Lenin in 1923 and had no doubt that Vladimir Ilyich was poisoned. The expert opinion of Bekhterev - a scientist with a worldwide reputation and colossal authority - could put Stalin in a very difficult position. However, there was a way out. "No person - no problem."
And the great scientist was gone.

The same opinion was shared by Bekhterev's great-grandson, Svyatoslav Lebedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain. He believes that the scientist was killed because of the diagnosis made to Vladimir Lenin (cerebral syphilis). Although Vladimir Ilyich was already lying in the mausoleum by that time, the truth about the true cause of his death was in no way supposed to become public. Therefore, preventing the leakage of dangerous information, Bekhterev could well have been killed.

Later, Natalya Petrovna Bekhtereva, speaking on television, stated literally the following: “In our family, everyone knew that his second wife had poisoned Vladimir Mikhailovich ...”. And this statement further confuses the already complicated story of the death of the famous academician...

The death of the great Russian scientist Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, who, among many other things, was engaged in the physiology of higher nervous activity, is still surrounded by a veil of secrecy. Confirmation or refutation of any of the versions can only be work with archival classified documents of the NKVD, provided that such documents exist.

Rae.ru›forum2012/9/2506

But none of the measures worked. The general poisoning of Bekhterev's organism grew uncontrollably. He lost consciousness at times. Breathing became ragged.
The pulse rate dropped sharply, and at 23:45 on December 24, after a short agony, the great scientist died of heart failure.

Voenternet.livejournal.com›179491.html
The official version of the cause of death was: heart failure due to a short attack ...

The purpose of this article is to find out the true reason for the death of the outstanding Russian psychiatrist Academician VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV by his FULL NAME code.

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

2 8 30 49 55 72 78 81 84 96 97 102 112 125 135 152 165 175 197 198 208 220 235 238 248 272
B E H T E R E V V L A D I M I R M I KH A Y L O V I C
272 270 264 242 223 217 200 194 191 188 176 175 170 160 147 137 120 107 97 75 74 64 52 37 34 24

3 15 16 21 31 44 54 71 84 94 116 117 127 139 154 157 167 191 193 199 221 240 246 263 269 272
V L A D I M I R M I KH A Y L O V I C B E H T E R E V
272 269 257 256 251 241 228 218 201 188 178 156 155 145 133 118 115 105 81 79 73 51 32 26 9 3

BEKHTEREV VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH = 272.

272 \u003d 139-VIOLATIONS + 133-MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM.

272 \u003d 199-RHYTHM DISORDERS + 73-MYOCARDIA.

272 = 191-\63-DEATH + 128-HEART\ + 81-PARALLY

97 \u003d 57-(c) HEART + 40-DIFFERENCE * (d)
__________________________________
176 = (short) CHEN MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM*

102 \u003d 57-(c) HEART + 45-DISCORD*
___________________________________
175 \u003d (short) CHEN RHYTHM MYOCARDIA * (a)

Marked with an asterisk (supporting letters of the NAME code).

Reference:

Short PQ Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
FB.ru›article/279943/sindrom-ukorochennogo-pq…
Short PQ syndrome is one of a whole galaxy of manifestations of cardiac arrhythmias. It is rarely an independent pathology.
Basically, it appears in the case histories as a complication of the underlying disease and is one of the common causes of sudden death.

84 \u003d 3- (from an injection) B * + 81-PARALYSIS
________________________________
191 = INJECTION PARALYSIS*

157 \u003d (steam) ALICH FROM INJECTIONS *
____________________________
118 \u003d IN * INFLUENCE UK (tin)

154 = (steam)
_____________________________
133 = INFLUENCE UCO*(fish)

139 = (steam)
____________________________
145 = IMPACT *(s)

"Deep" decryption offers the following options, in which all columns match:

BE (yes) + (backs) X (ae) T (sya) + (breathe) E (n) RE (r) V (ano) + V (sudden) (times) LAD (r) I (tma) MI ( eye) R (yes) + M (gnoven) I (e) + (backs) XA (yuschi) Y (sya) + (stop) L (en) O (kro) V (circulation) + (paral) ICH

272 \u003d BE, X, T, +, E, RE, B, + V, LAD, I, MI, R, + M, I, +, XA, Y, +, L, O, V, +, ICH.

BE (yes) + (backs) X (ae) T (sya) + (breathe) E (n) RE (r) V (ano) + V (sudden) (times) LAD (r) I (tma) MI ( eye) R (yes) + (y) MI (swarming) + (backs) XA (nie) + (de) Y (action) (uko) LOV + (paral) ICH

272 \u003d BE, +, X, T, +, E, RE, B, + V, LAD, I, MI, R, +, MI, +, XA, +, Y, LOV +, ICH.

Reference:

What is cardiac paralysis
cordislab.com›zabolevaniya-serdca/347…umiraet…
Sudden death of the heart is a human condition in which the heart muscle, for no apparent reason, ceases to maintain the correct rhythm and stops its work. That is, in simple words, the heart abruptly stops beating.

Cardiac paralysis is a life-threatening (terminal) condition in which voluntary contractions of the myocardium suddenly stop, as a result of which the heart muscles lose the ability to pump blood and maintain normal blood flow in the body.
Heart paralysis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis...
ilive.com.ua›paralich-serdca 98304i15949.html

Sudden cardiac arrest is cardiac paralysis. The heart suddenly stops beating for no apparent reason.
zoovet.ru›slovo.php?slovoid=5043

Sudden cardiac death, cardiac paralysis
medicin-germany.ru›bolezni…smert-paralich-serdca/
Sudden cardiac death is understood as a condition when the heart is unexpected and without previous reasons ... In most cases, instant cardiac death is caused by a violation of blood circulation in the vessels of the heart ...

5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 110 116 135 138 145 162 181 196 202 207 213 224 225 227 244 276
T H E D E D E C A B R Y
276 271 268 267 262 239 238 219 190 166 160 141 138 131 114 95 80 74 69 63 52 51 49 32

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

D (breathing) (interrupt) V (ano) + (stop) A + (ser) DCA + (death) T + (toxic) CH (skoe) ((o) T (ra) V (lenium) + (m) ЁRT (c) + O (became) (blood circulation) E + (ser) DE (full) KA (tastropha) + (gi) B (spruce) + (from) R (avils) I

276 \u003d D, V, +, A +, DCA, T +, CH, T, V, +, ERT, + O, E +, DE, KA, +, B, +, R, I.

We look at the column in the upper table of the FULL NAME code:

238 = (twenty) FOURTH OF DECEMBER
____________________________________
37 \u003d TWICE (at ...)

238 = 37-POISON + 201-DYING FROM PICKS
_
37 = POISON

Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE = SEVENTY = 146.

18 24 37 66 71 77 95 127 146
SEVENTY
146 128 122 109 80 75 69 51 19

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

CE (rdecnaya) (s) M (ert) b + D (yahani) E (interrupts) SYA + (ka) T (astrophe)

146 \u003d CE, M, L + D, E, XA + , T,.

We look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:

127 = SEVENTY(t)
_______________________________________

127 \u003d 12- (uko) L + 115- FATAL (outcome)
_______________________________________
155 = 12-(uko)L + 143-DOILE IS(turn)

	Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich at Wikiquote
	in Wikisource
	Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich at Wikimedia Commons

Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich Short biography. Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev brain phenomena Analysis of communication problems

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see also

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Literature

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