Bean pests need to be known in person. How to treat beans from pests Black aphids on beans

Subject to these misfortunes and. Sometimes she gets sick, sometimes she falls under the invasion of winged and other lovers to feast on her.

The task of the summer resident: to understand what happened to the culture, how to help the beans, how to save it.

Therefore, bean diseases must be unmistakably “recognized by sight”.

Timely and correctly recognized bean diseases allow timely measures to be taken for their treatment, as well as preventive measures.

Bean diseases

The main scourge of garden plants is a fungus. Fungal affects almost any plantings. And they are spread all over the place.

Do not pass by the beans. Not only fungi affect beans.

It can get sick from different pathogenic microflora:

• Gribkova;
• Bacterial;
• Viral.

Legumes have common diseases. Therefore, according to the rules of crop rotation, they are not placed nearby.

But pathogens know how to find food, they have their own paths to plants.

In different years, beans are affected by diseases of various types.

Diseases of fungal etiology:

• Powdery mildew;
• Anthracnose;
• Root rot of legumes (black leg);
• Peronosporosis;
• Rust;
• Gray rot;
• Fusarium;
• Septoria (rusty spot);
• White rot (sclerotinia);
• Cladosporiosis (olive mold);
• Cercosporosis.

Diseases of a bacterial nature:

• Bacteriosis;
• Bacterial spotting;
• Leaf spot (brown).

Viral diseases:

• Ordinary mosaic;
• Mosaic deforming;
• Yellow mosaic.

Fungal diseases of beans

powdery mildew. This ubiquitous disease, which does not disdain any plants, is in the lead.

Powdery mildew is a fungus, like all fungal ones, it develops under certain conditions:

• Moisture - plenty;
• Temperature fluctuations, including daily ones;
• Thickening of crops and plantings;
• Untimely weeding (overgrowing of plots with weeds);
• Neighborhood of crops susceptible to disease.

Wet years - expanse for powdery mildew. On beans, it appears as a bloom on stems, leaves, and beans.

The plaque is initially whitish, with the development of the disease it becomes grayish. Spots on the leaves - at first they form only from below, then they already become visible on both sides, they have small wet discharges.

This effusion - droplets, and gave the name "dew", and a whitish coating - "powdery".

The fungus penetrates the tissues of the plant, like metastases. It takes root everywhere, grows in all bean cells.

Powdery mildew of beans is not characterized by an early manifestation. It does not affect young plants, it progresses on flowering and fruiting plantings.

Anthracnose. The disease is no less harmful. All terrestrial organs of beans suffer, starting from seedlings and - the entire growing season.

Dark spots and strokes cover the breaking legs of seedlings and the opening cotyledons almost completely.

Gain strength and function, grow - they cannot. They die just trying to get up.

Adult specimens infected with anthracnose also change. The stems become streaked - they have dark strokes recessed inward.

The same thing happens with petioles. The strokes expand, deepen, become brown ulcers, bordered - black. This thins, weakens the stems. They are breaking down.

The leaves become reticulated: their veins turn brown, their appearance changes. With the development of the disease, the leaves also turn brown, covered with brown spots.

The beans are also covered in ulcers. If the weather is damp, the cankers become slimy, the beans rot and shrivel at the same time.

Even if some of the beans outwardly survived, such a plant will not give normal seeds. They will be light, frail, of poor quality.

The crop is lost by half or more.

Black leg (root rot). If bean plants, especially young ones, begin to wilt, droop, you need to inspect them.

There are no pests, and the yellowed leaves dry. Take a closer look at the stems, petioles.

A stem cut is required. If the vessels are visible, and they are reddish, and not green, as the plant is supposed to, the beans are probably sick.

This is a black leg. Sections of petioles, roots - everything will show that the vascular system is damaged (by color change).

Pulling such a plant lightly, you will find that it is not held by the root, it is pulled out immediately.

At the place where the root passes into the stem - the root collar - there will be a narrowing. Wet cool spring spurs the spread of the disease.

Beans either die or do not receive normal development and harvest.

With an early onset of the disease, seedlings die before they have time to form a plant.

Peronosporosis. Another powdery mildew, this time a downy mildew. All aerial parts of growing beans suffer from downy mildew.

If in powdery mildew, plaque forms on top, in downy mildew, on the bottom of the leaf. The disease can develop according to dissimilar scenarios.

There are two of them. Either this is a local lesion, or it is generalized (diffuse).

With a local, local, course of peronosporosis, the picture is as follows: the spots on the leaves are visible from above, they are fuzzy, blurry at the edges.

Chlorotic spots (devoid of chlorophyll), whitish or light yellow. But there is no raid on them from above.

Plaque - from the bottom of the bean leaf, just on these spots. Dark gray with a purple tint.

Diffuse peronosporosis disease deforms the bean plant. The tops of the leaves and stems are close, almost close.

The bean bush looks like a cauliflower and is covered with a bloom of the same color as with local downy mildew.

These are different forms of the same harmful disease. Harvest losses are high, and the yield is of poor quality.

Rust. In wet years, beans most often receive this nuisance from a neighbor - milkweed.

It is he who is the "host" or, officially: the intermediate host of the rust fungus.

If there is a weed on the site, in a rainy year it becomes infected even before sowing the beans with an overwintered fungus.

Euphorbia is a perennial, it retains the infection and then spreads it - constantly.

Rust passes from milkweed to beans with spores. Especially when it's warm and humid. Spores easily scatter over the area with the wind, are carried by raindrops - depending on the weather of the day.

Leaves, stems, beans are the parts of the beans affected by rust. They form brown voids under the skin of the epidermis, which is raised in places.

Later, these voids (pustules) darken, sometimes almost to blackness.

Inevitably, photosynthesis and the formation of chlorophyll are disturbed. The plant becomes "bleeded".

All metabolic processes go astray, the yield of beans is in question. If it is possible to harvest a crop, then it is small.

Yes, the quality is poor. If there was overfeeding with nitrogen, or the soil contains it in excess, the disease is more pronounced.

Gray rot. A vegetative plant, already tying beans, is first covered with spots of an irregular, as if smeared, shape.

Spots quickly overgrow with a brush of gray plaque. Rains, abundant watering and heat - contribute to the rapid development of gray rot on beans.

If a drought occurs, the spots dry up, turn brown. But the pathogen persists, the yield is greatly reduced.

If the mycelium has sprouted inside the seed, it loses its germination capacity.

Fusarium. The disease does not spare either seedlings or fruit-bearing bushes and bean vines.

Having settled on seedlings, the fungus causes deformation of seedlings. The cotyledons are ulcerated on both sides, covered with a pink coating if wet.

Young fragile plants cannot survive. The fungus makes its way into the soil and to the seed. Then the beans won't sprout at all.

Taking a seed out of the soil, you can see the same plaque on it. Or, without waiting for shoots, to find in the ground that there were seedlings, there were also roots. But they could not climb, they died.

To understand that there is Fusarium on crops, the appearance of a plant that has begun to vegetate will help. The brown color of the hypocotyl knee and the rudimentary root bent in a semicircle is a characteristic sign of this fungal disease.

The second attack of Fusarium on beans coincides with its flowering. Suddenly, yellowed leaves begin to curl, dry up, fall off.

The root neck darkens, becomes brown. If wet, pinkish-orange swellings are visible on the stem - pads.

The time for the final pouring of the grains approaches, and suddenly the beans lose their characteristic color. Are discolored.

Humid weather helps to form an orange bloom on them. If it is dry, there is no plaque.

The grain is formed unfulfilled, wrinkled, feeble. And also - with a touch. Its color is white and pink.

Beans become infected with a Fusarium fungus or from soil plant residues, or the infection lurks in the seed itself.

Septoria. By the second name: rusty spotting, it is clear that the disease manifests itself in rust-colored spots.

Septoria spreads from the bottom up and from the edges - inward:

• lower leaves;
• Leaves - above;
• stems;
• beans.

The spots are small (2 mm), there are many of them. The shape is angular, the color changes with the progression of the disease.

First it's rust spots. Then comes their increase and darkening to black.

Spots coalesce in places. Leaves turn yellow and fall off. Fruits (beans) stop development.

If septoria affected the beans a month before the expected harvest, then the losses are extremely high.

Sclerotinia. The fungus causes white rot of plants, it does not have a clear specialization: it is picky. Gets from him and beans.

If the apical shoots are drooping for no apparent reason, it is worth checking the stem and leaves below.

With sclerotinia, the leaves from below lose their color, acquire a watery structure.

Even at the beginning of the lesion, they can become covered with a white coating. Diagnostic technique: stem cut.

Inside it will be black sclerotia. In some places they can come out on the stem from the outside.

The infectious agent is in the soil. This mushroom loves coolness - up to 15 °, humidity - like all mushrooms.

Beans suffer the most. The stems are also affected. The wings of the beans turn white, become a soft, almost jelly-like mass.

A white mycelium grows in flakes on them, penetrating the mycelium of the beans and the stem through and through.

This white rot is later covered with large black marks - sclerotia.

They contain a newly formed pathogenic fungal microflora: after wintering, it will continue the dirty work of infecting crops.

The infection persists in bean seeds.

Cladosporiosis (olive mold). Most often, this fungus appears during the wet period, if it coincides with the time of filling the grain in the beans.

It covers the whole plant with iridescent, like velvet, olive or black bloom.

Beans change appearance, beans, leaves, stems are dotted with this disastrous outfit.

The plant loses its ability to function normally. We need strength and nutrition to form seeds, but there is not enough strength.

The grain that the beans manage to pour does not have germination initially.

Cercosporosis. In a different way, it is a gray spot of legumes.

Spots form on the leaves, but not only gray ones. The grays have a border, a dark purple frame.

There are other, red-brown, spots, they are with a concentric pattern. The middle of the spots of the second type is lighter than the edges.

Based on these signs, it is established which disease affected the plant.

Sick leaves do not live long: they die, fall off.

This has a negative effect on the yield: quantitatively and qualitatively.

Diseases caused by bacteria

These beans are much rarer. But their harmfulness does not decrease from this in any way.

Bacterial damage is called bacterioses. There may be a lot of them, but there are usually several harm to beans in summer cottages.

Bacterial spotting. If we are talking about brown bacterial spot or bacterial leaf spot of beans, this is all one disease, one type of bacteriosis.

The ground part is covered with spots, quite large - this is a distinguishing feature from fungal spots, they have small spots at first.

Spots of brown spotting are brown, round. They are bordered by an oily stripe. They may coalesce over time.

Pathogenic bacteria enter the intercellular fluid through the stomata of the leaves.

They can also enter through injured areas - immediately into the vascular system.

From the conducting system, bacteria easily penetrate into the bean with a current of liquid. There, the seeds themselves are affected, forming spots on them with a surface sunk into the depths.

Diseased seeds sometimes remain viable, serving as a breeding ground for the disease. Beans can also become infected from plant residues that rot in the soil.

They often overwinter pathogens. The bacterium that provokes brown spotting is also.

This path is possible in areas whose owners neglect crop rotation.

If the beans are not returned to their place for three years, and other legumes are not sown there, the bacterium will not withstand prolonged starvation, the soil will be cleared of this infection. But the seeds can store it - they can.

Outside, spotting with the progress of the disease is strongly pronounced. All aerial parts of the beans are damaged by the bacterium.

The bottom of the leaves visually changes with the weather. When wet, it becomes slimy; when dry, it is covered with a translucent film: the mucus dries up.

The damage to the culture is great, it may not form a crop at all.

Interestingly, next to the bean roots, in the adjacent soil area - the rhizosphere - a hostile pathogenic microflora settles.

It can protect beans from bacteriosis. A culture of these microbes has been isolated, they can process seeds, stems, and be injected with liquid - under the root.

But this does not save the beans: its cotyledons contain substances that protect the pathogenic bacterium. Such is the turn.

In the bean rhizosphere, soil organisms fight for its fate, and its internal composition works against itself.

Beans involuntarily support - the enemy.

The brown spot bacterium (scientifically referred to as Xanthomonas phaseoli) is also an adsorbent for other pathogens.

She loves to absorb viruses, and then brings "gifts" - beans.

There are also other bacterioses:

1. There is a type of bacterium, a clarification is added to the name - v. fuscans. It is also a provocateur of bacteriosis, which differs only in appearance.

The sites of damage slightly increase in response to the invasion of the pathogen, hypertrophy. The rest of the symptoms are similar.

2. Likes to settle on beans Corynebactrium flaccumfaciens - a bacterium that causes a special bacteriosis. It does not pass through the stomata, but injuries are not uncommon in plants.

Wind, bad weather can break the stems, insects damage the integrity of the epidermis. People injure plants when leaving.

One entrance gate, one bacterium is enough, and the disease has penetrated inside.

All bacterial diseases of beans are usually called bacterioses, although they are hosted - each in its own way on the plant.

The bean dies in the seedling phase, the remaining one has wrinkled leaves, it is characterized by dwarfism, fragility of the stems, shedding of the leaves.

The bacterium Corynebactrium flaccumfaciens is extremely tenacious - a long-liver of the microworld.

Even in the year of the end of the Great Patriotic War, a stunning fact was established. This bacterium in room conditions was perfectly preserved for 24 years. She lived in bean seeds.

You can recognize bacteriosis even if it overtook the plant at the end of the growing season. The beans are almost ready to be harvested and suddenly become covered with brown, shining like varnish spots.

Virus diseases of beans

By itself, the virus is often unstable in the external environment. Therefore, it circulates from the victim - to the next.

Or he can make friends with a bacterium, come with her in a pair. The spotting bacterium is the keeper of the virus.

In almost 80% of cases, the mosaic virus "parks" to this bacterium, and is transferred with it.

Another common route of transmission is insects. The virus itself is volatile, but insects carry it more successfully.

The most common in beans are various types of mosaic.

ordinary mosaic. The disease virus lives on legumes and vegetable legumes.

For relocation uses - aphids. Can be transmitted through plant debris.

Even if the plot with herbs is far from the beans, the winged settler aphid will easily overcome the distance in any area.

This disease was called a mosaic for a reason. The primary lightening of the veins is still an incomplete picture.

And then the leaf fragments between the veins begin to turn yellow. Selectively. The virus manifests itself as a mosaic.

Discolored areas no longer synthesize chlorophyll, the plant slows down growth, is inhibited.

The yield is reduced, but the pathogen does not penetrate into the seeds, does not live there.

Therefore, the seeds of an ordinary mosaic are not tolerated further.

Deforming mosaic. This virus greatly changes the appearance of the leaves and bracts of beans.

The vegetative organs shrivel, become curly, become mottled.

Discolored, chlorotic spots appear on the leaves. They gradually become thinner, turn white.

Later, they become transparent.

If a bean plant is infected with a virus in its "adolescent" age, its proper formation is disturbed.

The bean does not grow up, but throws out a rosette of crumpled, deformed leaves.

On adult plants, in addition to leaves, beans are deformed. The valves thicken, the process of uneven growth disfigures them.

These beans produce yellow seeds. But they do not carry infection. The carrier is also aphids.

yellow mosaic. Virus infection causes lightening - to yellow - of leaf venation.

This mosaic appears as follows. Photosynthesis slows down, biological processes are disrupted.

The carrier is aphids from legumes. The seeds are not infectious.

Disease control

Some of the fungal diseases of beans can be stopped by saving the plants.

One condition: the disease must be detected at its initial stage. Noticed, identified and put into circulation without delay.

Bordeaux liquid in a concentration of only 1% is not harmful for beans, and for humans.

And the mushroom, until it enters into force, is death. There are also modern, adapted for specific diseases, fungicides: the market is replete with offers.

The main thing, according to the signs, symptoms, is to correctly diagnose the plant.

There are universal drugs aimed at the fungus in general, there are specialized ones.

Any fungus detected in time can surrender under the onslaught of pollination with sulfur or spraying with copper-containing preparations.

Forms that have gone far are a sentence to a diseased bush or bushes. In order to save the rest, the infected have to be disposed of.

Agrotechnics is a universal healer. It is she who will protect not only from the fungus, but also will not give vent to bacteria, disarm viruses.

If you let it take its course, the whole company of diseases of any etiology will definitely appear.

Therefore, remember:

• Crop rotation is the head of everything. No matter how difficult it was to plan it on the notorious dacha six acres. If desired, it is possible. Somewhere even - it's exciting to put this picture in your mind and on paper. Calculate years, remember where, what, how it grew: what suffered and what pleased. The work is creative and the result is worth the mental effort.
• "Chemistry" - less. Only as an extreme option - single treatments, preferably with non-aggressive (for humans) poisons. Otherwise, you can not even see a ladybug on the site, not to mention lacewings and our other helpers. Yes, and environmentally friendly beans are even more pleasant to eat than repeatedly processed. If they were pollinated with sulfur, ash, treated with copper solutions, this is normal. By harvest, if some of the elements remain in the grain, there will be no harm. Moreover, the quantity is minimal.
• Weeds - fight. Especially - carriers of common infections (euphorbia). But any are not needed: the bean loves airing, otherwise the mushrooms will overcome it, there will not be enough food, and even light.
• Feed in moderation. A plant is like a person. Overfeed, weaken, hungry, too, will not gain strength. Therefore, the golden mean is good here too.
• Not bad ahead of time, acquiring seeds, find out how resistant or resistant the variety is to diseases. And - to which ones. This will help predict the work calendar in relation to culture.
• Observation is the key to success. Beans will not grow "like grass". It is worth starting - something, but not so. The first symptoms of bean ailments are a signal for action. Subsequent symptoms are often the need to remove plants and process the rest.

That's briefly, perhaps, everything about bean diseases. Let's meet in the next article. Starting to write an article, I did not imagine that beans have so many diseases and pests.

Fortunately, at my summer cottage, I did not have to deal with such an abundance of problems.

See you soon, dear readers!

Every gardener should grow beans. It is extremely useful for those with kidney and gastrointestinal problems, and due to the high amount of protein in the composition, it serves as an excellent source of protein and an alternative to meat. Let's talk about how to grow beans outdoors. To the delight of gardeners, this culture is not demanding to care.

Preparing the soil for planting a crop

What you need to know about beans in order to grow them with pleasure? For example, it is important to know that she loves loose and fertile soil and does not grow well on compacted or waterlogged ground. It develops well in the place where the beds of cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes and potatoes were located. After any representatives of legumes, it is better not to plant beans for at least 2 years.

The site chosen for this plant must be sufficiently fertilized. Since autumn, you can enrich the soil with manure or compost. In the spring, it would be good to add mullein or compost, as well as ash and sand. When preparing the beds, be sure to dig them up and carefully loosen them. They also practice pre-sowing disinfection of the site in the open field with a solution of potassium permanganate.

Ways to grow beans

Beans, like many other crops, can be grown from seedlings and by direct planting in open ground. In the first case, the fruits selected for planting should be soaked (for 10 minutes in hot water or overnight), treated in a solution of potassium permanganate or boric acid, and then planted in prepared containers. You do not need to take large pots, since in just two to three weeks the seedlings will be moved to open ground.

Growing beans in a seedless way is extremely simple. Swollen fruits must be decontaminated and immediately planted in open ground. In this case, the crop will have to be harvested a little later, since this crop is afraid of frost and can only be planted from the end of May.

Between adjacent holes in a row, a distance of 18-20 cm should be left, between rows - 45-50. Beans should be deepened into the holes by 4-5 cm. Watering during planting can be carried out before laying the seed material in the holes or after they fall asleep. From above, gardeners cover the ground with a layer of mulch or covering material. As soon as sprouts appear, the shelter must be removed.

Support for climbing varieties should be taken care of in advance. You can prepare 2-meter slats or trellis. But more often, experienced summer residents and gardeners use a different method - planting beans near the fence.

Outdoor bean care

Beans, as noted at the beginning, are an unpretentious crop. But this does not mean that you can plant it in open ground and forget about it until the time comes to harvest.

Irrigation features. Beans need to be watered regularly, especially during fruit formation. Of course, you need to make sure that the liquid does not stagnate in the ground. If the plant receives less moisture during the flowering period, it can shed flowers and ovaries. It is better not to pour water directly on the leaves, and distribute it between the rows. Gardeners advise watering in the morning.

Soil cultivation. Beans do not like hardened soil, so they should be loosened often. It is especially important to break the crust formed after watering or rain on the soil surface. Naturally, it is necessary to remove the weeds that have settled in the beds in time.

Feed for beans. This culture requires good nutrition. But in many cases, it has enough nutrients left in the ground from last year. If the soil is poor, then a month after planting, you can feed it with a complex of minerals or fermented bird droppings. After three weeks, wood ash should be added to the soil. Beans respond well to liming the soil.

Help with pollination. To increase the number of pollinated flowers, it is necessary to attract pollinating insects to the plant. Three steps will help you do this:

Spraying bushes with sugar syrup.
Spraying with a solution of boric acid.

Bean diseases. If you decide to grow beans, be prepared for the appearance of such diseases: anthracnose, root and white rot, powdery mildew. All of these diseases are fungal in nature. Bordeaux mixture or copper preparations can protect the plant from them.

A common viral disease of beans - mosaic, carried by aphids. There are no effective drugs for mosaic. Only at the initial stage, you can try to spray the bushes with karbofos. It remains only to destroy the affected plants and insects, if they are to blame for the spread of the disease. Luckily, beans rarely get sick.

Pest control. Growing beans in the open field every year and not encountering its pests is the fate of real lucky ones. Most of all, the health of the culture is threatened by: aphids, whitefly, bean weevil, sprout fly and slugs. Aphids feed on leaves and fruits, whiteflies suck juice from beans, weevil lays eggs in fruits, sprout fly eats young shoots, and slugs feed on leaves and beans. To combat various kinds of bean pests, there are many chemicals and safer but less effective folk remedies.

Now you know everything about how to grow beans in the open field. In fact, this culture is not capricious, but in order to definitely get a good harvest, you must follow all the advice of agronomists. First of all, it concerns the friability and nutritional value of the soil, regular watering and preventive measures against diseases. Observing only these conditions, you can get a good harvest.

Watch a video about growing beans on a trellis

Beans are quite unpretentious culture. It is not difficult to grow and even more so to store. But sometimes it happens that various pests and diseases affect the plant and we simply do not know how to deal with them. This will help you preventive and chemical measures to combat the problem.

Plant diseases

The most common plant diseases are mosaic, anthracnose, powdery mildew, root and white rot.

mosaic bean disease

The disease is displayed on the leaves as multicolored mosaic spots with a greenish color near the veins. In various places of the leaf blade, irregularly shaped bubbles form. The disease affects the growth of the plant and prevents it from developing.

Anthracnose

The disease is characterized by various spots on the entire surface of the plant, except for fruits, of various forms of brownish color. The fruits rot, and a viscous pinkish liquid forms inside. This disease is most popular for legumes.

powdery mildew

A fungal disease causes the plant to dry out, covers with a whitish layer, and then forms spores of the fungus. In this state, powdery mildew overwinters on the remaining parts of the plant.

root rot

The disease affects the entire root, covering it with a whitish or pinkish layer, and does not allow the rest of the plant to develop. Due to this, the upper part of the beans also dies.

white rot

This disease overwinters on the plant residues of legumes and is displayed on the plant with a white soft layer.

Measures to protect plants from diseases

In the autumn period, the place for the plant is completely cleared of weeds. After the soil is dug up and phosphate and potash fertilizers are added. During the growing season, mineral fertilizers and a 1% solution of Bordeaux liquid are used as top dressing. Before sowing, it is recommended to pickle legumes.

plant pests

The most common bean pests are the sprout fly, bean weevil, aphids, and whiteflies.

sprout fly

A brown small insect (3-4 mm long) places its larvae on the surface of the bean. Seeds and seedlings infect precisely the larvae of the fly.

A small insect (2-5 mm) infects bean fruits by placing oblong white eggs (up to 0.6 mm) on the surface. Affected seeds are not suitable for planting and eating.

Small (up to 1.3 mm) yellow insect. It infects the plant by drinking the juice from the leaf plate of the bean.

Measures to protect plants from pests

When affected by pests, the plant can be treated with various chemicals. Before flowering, they are sprayed with Actara and Decis. Gaupsin, Planriz and others are used to combat aphids, codling moth and whitefly.

Only timely regular care protects your garden from the attack of various diseases and pests. Stick to some simple tips, with a minimum of effort, you will get a good harvest.

^3GL: PESTS OF BEANS AND MEASURES TO CONTROL THEM

Pests of peas, beans, pea weevil, methods of control

• In recent years, many housewives have complained that the seeds of peas, beans and beans that they store at home are badly damaged by some kind of pest, after which they are no longer suitable for food or for sowing. So famously "works" pea weevil.

This pest is especially common in the southern regions, and the locals know how much damage it causes to legumes. And in connection with the warming of the climate, now he has registered in central Russia and even to the north. What does a pea grain look like?

This is a gray-brown small oval beetle (4-5 mm) with a cruciform white spot at the end of the abdomen. The larva penetrates into a pea or bean pod immediately after flowering plants, penetrates into the grain, where it feeds, pupates and turns into a beetle.

Adult beetles lay their eggs on the pods that are set. In the southern regions, the beetle of a new generation emerges from seeds and hibernates in the soil.

In the middle lane, beetles remain in the seeds of peas, beans (sometimes 2-4 specimens in each seed), and in early spring, and even in winter, in favorable conditions in a city apartment, where we store our supplies, they leave the grains, leaving behind one dust. Another summer season has ended, the harvest has been harvested - part of it is stored fresh, another is canned, the third is frozen, and part of the products, including seeds of peas, beans, and beans, is stored dry.

Urgently check if there is a gluttonous caryopsis. Dry the seeds well, select large ones for sowing next year, put separately in a paper bag and place in a dry, cool place (in the refrigerator or on the balcony). In the cold, the beetle does not develop.

Peas, beans and beans for food can be stored there as well. And if the legumes were a success this year and you have harvested a good harvest, warm up your stocks in the oven or in a pan to get rid of the pest. Inna Popova, Ph.D. sciences Back to the table of contents - Horticulture

If grain beans have mature dry seeds for food, then green beans have unripe beans, unripe boiled seeds. It is about her that will be discussed. Even a novice amateur vegetable grower can easily plant and grow it on the site without much difficulty.

planting beans

String beans are more demanding on soil fertility than vegetable peas. For its planting, fertile, sufficiently provided with humus, structural soils that do not compact after heavy rains are needed.

On insufficiently fertile soils, the green bean beans will be rough. Soils are depleted, acidic, damp, with groundwater above 1 m from the surface, unsuitable for it. In the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia, the best soils for green beans are sandy, light loamy.

She loves areas with a slope to the south or southwest, protected from the north or northeast cold winds, well warmed by the sun, clean from weeds. On the territory of Central Russia, it grows well on light sandy loamy soils.

And in the South of the Chernozem belt - on light or heavy chernozem-loamy soils. The high light intensity in the south allows you to place bean crops between rows of fruit trees or vineyards. Sometimes, when planting, it is used as a compactor for cabbage, potatoes, cucumbers. An amateur vegetable grower may have observed that some vegetable plants, when grown together with their root or leaf secretions, oppress each other.

So, swede and peas, cucumber and tomato, tomato and turnip, spinach and radish usually grow poorly together. Beans are oppressed by onions or celery, which is explained by the biological characteristics of these species, the specifics of cultivation, etc. But it grows well with potatoes.

Some gardeners, noticing such "good neighborly relations", arrange combined crops: a row of green beans, and then potatoes or beets in one row. Distance between rows 40-45 cm.

When these plants are combined, beets only suffer a little from such a neighborhood, but potatoes are less affected by the Colorado potato beetle. The predecessors for beans are the same as for peas: row crops (potatoes, vegetables, melons), corn, etc. To avoid diseases, damage by pests, it is not sown in the same place earlier than after 4-5 years.

The bean itself is a valuable precursor to all agricultural crops. Soil cultivation is generally accepted for a particular area. In autumn, the site is dug up. It is not recommended to sow green beans in spring plowing.

In spring, the soil is harrowed with a rake: first to a depth of 10-15 cm, then before sowing - to the sowing depth. Acidic soils are limed (a dose of lime is 0.5-0.6 kg / sq.m).

On soddy-podzolic, gray forest soils, leached chernozems, in autumn, 2-4 kg/sq.m of manure is applied directly under the beans. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are best used for autumn plowing, nitrogen - for pre-sowing tillage.

The doses of mineral fertilizers are the same as for vegetable peas. Vegetable green bean plants develop well on moist soil, but excess moisture is detrimental, especially during the cold period. If water covers the soil for 3-4 days, its crops die.

Low-lying areas prone to the danger of frost are not suitable for planting. For vegetable beans, loose, quickly warming up soil, with a finely cloddy structure, is needed.

Before planting in the spring, 20-30 g / sq. m of potash and 5-10 g / sq. m of nitrogen fertilizers (superphosphate is applied in the fall at the rate of 20-30 g / sq. m). Seeds for planting are selected, rejecting damaged or off-grade ones. Since vegetable green beans are a heat-loving crop, they are sown after the spring frosts have passed, at about the same time as cucumbers.

Planting is started when the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm is not lower than 8-10 ° C (seeds begin to germinate at this temperature). Friendly germination occurs at 12-15°C, the optimum temperature is 20°C.

At a temperature of 35 ° C, the seeds do not germinate. For different zones and regions, the calendar dates for planting are different. In the central regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, the best sowing time is after May 20-25, for the northern regions - early June.

In small areas, they are sown 5-7 days earlier, since crops can be protected from frost. In the Kuban, vegetable string beans are sown in the second half of April, in the Central Black Earth Belt - in the second half of May. In vegetable gardens, it is sown in a row or nest method with a distance of 30-45 cm row from row and 10-12 cm in a row.

Planting depth 2-3 cm on wet soils, 4-5 cm on dry soils. On heavy clay soils with a close location of groundwater, beans are sown in beds where the soil warms up faster.

Ridges are laid with a width of 1 m. With the square-nesting method, holes are first made, seeds are sown according to patterns of 35 x 35, 40 x 40 cm, 5-6 seeds in each nest. It is sown along the beds with two-, three-line ribbons with distances between rows of 35-40 cm, in a row - 12-15 cm.

Large seeds are sown 1-2 per hole, and small ones 3-4. To speed up the harvest by 2-3 weeks, bush forms of green beans are sown under film shelters, where the plants are 1.5 months. Early production will be collected from their plot by those gardeners who grow it with seedlings.

In this case, the seeds are sown in peat cubes (8x8 cm) 3-4 weeks before planting in open ground or under film shelters. ensures the appearance of friendly shoots. Under favorable conditions, they appear on the 5th-7th day, while they immediately begin to loosen the soil to a depth of 5-6 cm, and when the plants reach a height of 10-15 cm, they are slightly hilled. the loops breaking through the crust break, so it is very important to prevent the formation of a crust.

It will not happen if the soil is slightly moistened. When shoots appear, deep loosening of the row spacing is required to give air to the roots. This contributes to the vital activity of nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria, the growth and development of bean plants. During the growing season, 3-4 loosening, 1-2 top dressings are carried out (the first with nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers after germination, the second with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers - before budding).

In small areas, except for loosening, under dry weather conditions, the beans are watered carefully, since excess moisture at the beginning of growth contributes to the growth of leaves at the expense of flowering. Therefore, plants are watered until 4-5 leaves are formed, then watering is stopped, and resumed only at the beginning of flowering.

During the flowering period, planting a leguminous plant is watered several times (in the evening or early in the morning). If the beans develop poorly, they are fed at the rate of 1 square. m - 2-3 g of ammonium nitrate, potassium salt and 4-6 g of superphosphate. Stakes or stamens (1 stake for 2-4 plants) are placed on climbing or semi-climbing varieties or shoots are tied to a trellis (a support of stakes with twine, wire or trellis net stretched between them in rows). : regularly weed the area where it grows - weeds inhibit the growth of this plant, reduce productivity.

Diseases and pests of green beans

This plant is affected by the same diseases and pests as peas, here the vegetable grower's first concern is to select only clean, uninfected seeds for sowing. Bacteriosis, although it has a limited distribution, in years with wet, warm summers is no less harmful than pea ascochitosis. Vegetable green beans are also affected by powdery mildew, rust, white rot, and other diseases.

The main source of infection is infected seeds, so, again, the main thing in the fight against diseases is obtaining and maintaining healthy seed material. If you see a white film or whitish dust on some leaves or pods, these are the first signs of powdery mildew disease - do not hesitate to pluck the affected shoot, even if it has pods or flowers, throw it away from your site.

If early signs of illness appear, dilute the powdered milk (1 part dry milk - 9 parts water). Spray the bean sprouts on top and bottom with this solution. Repeat this process twice in a week.

This neutralizes the disease in the early stages, will prevent further infection of vegetable bean crops. You can alternate spraying with weak solutions of apple cider vinegar or baking soda.

Most likely, by such measures you can contain the infection before it spreads to all plants. Reduce the risk of the disease by observing crop rotation (returning to its original place no earlier than 3 years later), removing diseased plants throughout the growing season, destroying post-harvest residues; autumn deep digging of the site. Here are the main measures in the fight against diseases of vegetable beans.

Harvesting beans

The harvesting of vegetable green beans on the shoulder blade begins when the seeds reach the size of a wheat grain, about 10 days after the formation of the ovaries. In shelling and semi-sugar varieties of beans, the shoulder blade is harvested a little earlier, as it quickly coarsens. If you are late with harvesting, then it is better to leave the shoulder blades of these varieties until full ripeness (for grain).

From 1 sq. m receive from 0.8 to 1.8 kg of blades, or 100-150 g of seeds. Varieties of curly or semi-curly yields of blades and grain are higher. Green beans are harvested several times every 3-6 days in the Central non-chernozem zone of Russia, after 1-2 days in the southern regions.

The best time to harvest beans is in the early morning. In the hot time of the day, the shoulder blades quickly wither, lose their presentation. If the beans are stored at a temperature of 15-20 degrees C, they lose 30-50% of vitamin C within two days. The collected products must be processed or sold on the day of collection. The largest harvest of green beans is obtained during the second and third harvests. Video "Vegetable beans on 6 acres" from the Garden World website:

Useful properties of beans

String vegetable beans include varieties with sugar beans, which are used unripe for eating. Sugar beans come without a parchment layer and fiber - these are the most valuable, they are called asparagus, as they are consumed boiled, like asparagus. Such beans are tender, fleshy, with high palatability. Beans of vegetable beans (shoulders) in technical ripeness contain up to 6% protein, vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, K, PP), sugars, calcium mineral salts, iron, other substances necessary for the human body.

It also found physiologically active beneficial substances that contribute to the preservation of human health. Lima (moon) beans have acquired particular importance. It is believed that the beneficial properties of beans of this variety are superior in importance to other varieties.

So far, only her of all the legumes have been found to have agglutinins - substances that accumulate in human blood during infectious diseases, causing sticking, precipitation of pathogenic microbes and other cellular elements. In other words, these elements play an important role in human immunity (resistance) to certain infectious diseases.

Experiments are underway on the use of bean phytohemagglutinin against cancer. Studies have shown that extracts from green beans lower blood sugar levels. Green beans are useful for liver diseases.

Essence from the whole plant, harvested after the fruit has ripened, is used in homeopathy. Green pods - asparagus beans - can be especially beneficial due to the mineral silica content. Green beans are a good source of easily digestible silicon. Green beans contain a wide range of carotenoids and flavonoids, which have antioxidant properties. Most of the nutritious proteins and trace elements contain beans no more than a centimeter long.

Moreover, they are the owners of the most harmonious taste. When raw beans enter the body during digestion, substances are released that are harmful to our body and can cause poisoning. Therefore, it should not be consumed raw or undercooked.

With the development of agriculture, various bean pests.Bean pest - Striped nodule weevil. The beetle is 3 - 5 mm in size, earthy gray in color.

The pronotum is wide in the middle, brown, with distinct dark and white stripes on the wings. It is characterized by a short but thick rostrum. Egg size - 0.25-0.35 mm, smooth, rounded, at first yellow-white, after 2-3 days blackish.

The larva is somewhat curved, up to 5 mm, the head is light brown. Pupa pale yellow, 4.5-6 mm. The beetles overwinter in fields with perennial leguminous grasses under their remains and in the upper soil balls.

At a temperature of 3-5 0С in the first decade of April, they begin to leave their wintering places. They begin to feed on perennial legumes at a temperature of 7-8 0C, and when shoots of beans appear, they move to them, start laying eggs and continue to feed.

Egg laying occurs on the lower leaves and soil, from the leaves they fall on the soil. The fertility of females is up to 2800 eggs. Their embryonic development continues for 7-8 days.

When the revival is over, the larvae begin to descend to the roots of the bean and at the same time begin to damage the nodules. The duration of the period of development of larvae is 29-40 days. One larva during this period is able to destroy 3-8 bubbles.

At the end of feeding, the larvae begin to pupate in the soil in special cradles at a depth of 5-25 cm. The duration of the pupal development period is 8-13 days. In the steppe zone, the appearance of beetles falls at the end of June.

The release of beetles lasts 2 or more months. Active feeding of beetles is observed in the 3rd decade of July - the first decade of August, after which they begin to migrate for wintering. One generation develops in 1 year.

Harm not only beetles, but also larvae. Beetles figuratively eat leaves along the edges. Particular damage is done to the growth point and cotyledon leaves.

Damage to beetles and larvae leads to a deterioration in the quality of seeds, a decrease in yield and the amount of nitrogen in plants and soil. Early sowing of beans.

From perennial legumes, it is necessary to adhere to spatial isolation (1000-1500 meters). Immediately after harvesting the beans, it is necessary to plow the field. In the germination phase, it is necessary to treat the crops with insecticides if the number of beetles is 10-15 per 1 m2, or 1 beetle per 3-5 plants.

Bean pest - Bean weevil

The beetle is 2.95 - 3.55 mm in size, which in the upper part is covered with yellow-gray and grayish hairs, which, in turn, form numerous spots - not expressive. Pronotum without denticles on flanks, one denticle each below femora.

Egg size - 0.53-0.72 mm, dull, oblong-oval, sometimes slightly curved. Larva cylindrical, with long setae, up to 4 mm, strongly curved. Pupa whitish-yellow, 3-4 mm.

They hibernate in carrion - in the field, inside the grain in storage, under the remains of plants, soil. They multiply rapidly in warehouses in summer, but very slowly in winter. For 1 year in warm rooms, 5-6 generations breed, they overlap one another.

bean weevil in the field develops in 1-2 generations. In the spring, beetles begin to scatter for 3 km from their wintering grounds, feed on pollen, generative organs, flowers of various leguminous plants, and petals.

Egg laying occurs on the valves of the beans, cracks or pits, in wrinkles, vigrisen in the dorsal suture of the bean. The duration of the egg laying period is 12-18 days. Fertility - 50-60 eggs. The development of the embryo, depending on the air temperature, lasts 6-11 days in the field.

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After leaving the egg, the larvae immediately bite into the bean, and then into the grain. In summer, the development of larvae ends in 21 days, and pupae - 8-10 days. Germination of grain sharply decreases with an increase in the number of holes in it.

Most often, beetles harm early crops of beans, asynchrony in the timing of bean ripening and the emergence of beetles is observed in late crops, such crops are much less damaged. Measures of protection against pests of beans.

Sowing seeds that are free from bean weevil. Harvesting bean beans should be lossless and timely, before they begin to crack. According to the instructions, it is necessary to cool the grain.

At the beginning of the formation of beans, spray bean crops with insecticides.

Bean pest - sprout fly

The insect is 4-5 mm long, ash-gray in color, three dark brown stripes are visible on the front wall. Eggs up to 1 mm long, elongated, white. The larvae are narrowed towards the anterior end, whitish, up to 7 mm in length.

It causes great damage to bean crops, while damaging shoots and germinating seeds. Pupae overwinter in the ground, on clover, grain and vegetable crops. The departure of flies begins in the spring, when birch begins to bloom.

Flies lay their eggs in wetter places under soil lumps. The feeding of the larvae continues for more than a crescent, after which they pupate into the soil. 2-3 generations develop per year.

Beans are a healthy and unpretentious horticultural crop that is easy to grow in the backyard, convenient to harvest and easy to store. However, gardeners often have to deal with bean pests and pathogens, which can be quite difficult to deal with. The most common of them are the bean weevil, sprout fly, nodule weevil, aphid, whitefly and codling moth. Bean pests will become less dangerous if you know how to quickly identify them and what control methods to use.

On the table of many housewives, dishes from this leguminous plant appear with enviable regularity.

Bean grains

This small pest is widespread throughout the country, but the southern regions with mild and warm climatic conditions suffer the most. The bean weevil is a small beetle 2 to 5 millimeters long, oval in shape, with a black shell and grayish-yellow blurry stripes on the back. Leads a very active life, moves quickly, is able to fly long distances and go without food for three months. The insect is extremely thermophilic, in the summer it produces oviposition up to 5-6 generations. Morozov cannot stand it; when the temperature drops below zero, the grain dies.

The bean weevil finds ripening bean pods with half-opened valves and lays up to 60 eggs inside. The whitish eggs are oval, elongated and 0.5 to 0.7 mm in size. After 11 days, larvae grow from them, penetrate into the bean grain and eat it from the inside. The exact time for the appearance of larvae into the world directly depends on the ambient temperature: in the summer it happens faster, and in the fall the process slows down.

After 21 days, the larvae of the bean weevil gain the desired mass, pupate and transform into beetles, and then leave the bean grains and fly out. The seeds damaged by them become unsuitable either for food or for sowing, and if at least one caryopsis enters the storage, in 8-12 months the entire crop will be infected.

Bean weevil - a small bug, which is the most dangerous pest for this legume

Fighting methods

The most effective method of dealing with them is to store beans at temperatures below zero. The bean weevil does not tolerate cold and immediately dies. To prevent the spread of bean pests to a new crop, it is necessary to use only healthy grains for sowing. If an infection is detected, treat the crops twice with Metafox or Decis: the first time immediately before flowering, and the second - 10 days after the first treatment. It is necessary to collect ripe beans in a timely manner, before cracks appear on the grains, so the bean weevil does not have time to lay eggs, and the crop will be saved.

The insect is gray in color with dark stripes on the back, the abdomen is up to 5 mm long. In April-May, flies hatch from pupae left in the ground for the winter, which lay small, elongated white eggs, less than one millimeter in size, in moist soil. Eggs that fall into dry soil inevitably die, so a slight drought has a beneficial effect on the bean crop. After 9 days, larvae hatch from eggs that have fallen into moist soil, which actively crawl in different directions, setting off in search of food.

The larvae penetrate the bean seed grains through a thin membrane at the site of the sprout appearance, feed on the seeds for 18 days, then pupate and transform into an adult fly. Injured seeds rot in the soil without germinating. Unlike the bean weevil, the larvae of the sprout fly increase their activity in a cooler period, and when the temperature drops, they cause the greatest damage to the crop.

The sprout fly often harms pumpkin vegetable and gourd crops and is found almost everywhere

Fighting methods

To prevent the spread of sprout fly larvae, it is necessary to carefully prepare the soil before sowing, remove all weeds and vegetation residues. Start sowing as early as possible, the optimal period begins immediately after the soil warms up to 10 degrees.

When using manure, it is necessary to bury it in the soil, and not leave it lying on the surface. It is recommended to apply this type of fertilizer in the fall, so that in the spring, when the bean grains begin to sprout, the smell of manure does not attract flies to lay eggs. Before sowing, bean kernels must be soaked in a solution to stimulate growth. This procedure will speed up the germination period, and damage from sprout fly larvae will be minimized.

Slugs

This is a detachment of gastropods, whose body length can reach 70 or more millimeters. When moving, the insect secretes a certain amount of mucus, which facilitates this process. It is on the long trails of silver-white color that it is easy to detect the appearance of these pests, and take timely action.

During the daytime, slugs hide in dark and damp secluded corners, and at night crawl out in search of food. For this reason, slugs are hard to find and conventional insect control methods do not work here. If there are no wet places or the ambient temperature drops below seven degrees, the slugs die.

The slug looks rather unpleasant, it has an elongated body, shaped like a spindle, there is no shell

The life expectancy of an adult mollusk is about 6 months, during this period it manages to lay up to 200 eggs. In the spring, from eggs that have successfully survived the winter, new individuals of slugs are reborn, which eat bean leaves, as well as young grains. In cool and rainy summer weather, these mollusks cause serious damage.

Fighting methods

Slugs come out to feed only at night, so they are difficult to find and protect plants. You can lure pests in such a simple way:

• bury a plastic bottle without a lid in the ground almost up to the neck, fill up to half with dark beer and leave overnight;
• the smell of beer will attract slugs, they will quickly crawl onto the bait and drown in the liquid;
• repeat the process several times, and after a few days there will be nothing left of the pest settlement.

And also to combat them, you can cover the soil around the beans with dry nettle stalks, this will scare away the slugs, and they will not get to the plants. If these methods do not help, treat the affected areas with superphosphate or wood ash.

Black and green aphids are among the most common garden pests. It is almost impossible to protect plants from their appearance, but there are several effective methods of control.

The aphid is a small insect, 1 to 5 millimeters long, with small, transparent wings that grow back in mid-summer. This helps the aphids travel long distances in search of new food sources.

The insect settles on fresh shoots and the lower parts of the leaves, ants participate in the process of settling and help individuals to accommodate more evenly. And also ants protect aphids from predators, and as a reward for services they receive a sugary liquid secreted by aphids.

Aphids on leaves can completely destroy a tree or plant

These harmful insects pierce the surface of the stems, buds, bean leaves, and suck the juice out of them.. Injured plants grow slowly, shed their leaves and hardly bear fruit. In addition, these bean pests are carriers of viral diseases that are dangerous for legumes.

Fighting methods

There are several ways to deal with them. It is necessary to emulsify the green soap 2-4% and spray the damaged plants. You can water the beans with nettle-based liquid fertilizers, such a composition is harmless to humans, but aphids disappear within a few days. You should not abuse chemicals unless absolutely necessary: ​​in addition to making the bean crop toxic, chemistry destroys the natural enemies of aphids and it becomes even more difficult to deal with this pest.

Garden plants such as dill, parsley, carrots and fennel attract hoverflies, the natural enemies of aphids, and thyme is able to repel black aphids with its smell.

To prevent the spread of pests and protect the bean crop from them, it is necessary to follow the rules of crop rotation and alternate different crops on the site. It is necessary to carefully cultivate the soil, remove weeds, in no case leave the remains of harvested plants on the field, take care of young shoots, fertilize and feed with mineral fertilizers.