Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Azerbaijan SSR Azerbaijan in the USSR

: "" Bүtүn өlkәlәrin Proletarlar, Birlәshin! »»

Since March 12, 1922, part of the Federal Union of the Socialist Soviet republics of Transcaucasia (FSSW), which was transformed into the ZSFSR, which became one of the republics of the founders of the USSR. On December 5, 1936, the Azerbaijan SSR entered the USSR and remained one of its Union republics until 1991.

The Azerbaijan SSR was an order of the Republic: it was awarded two orders of Lenin (1935, 1964), the Order of the October Revolution (1970) and the Order of Peoples' Friendship (1972).

The problem of sovereignty

The first step towards the loss of independence was the creation in 1921 by the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (ZSFSR) and ended with formation on December 30, 1922 of the USSR. Soviet-Russian lawyer O. I. Chistyakov wrote the following:

Since 1922, we have dominated the American idea of \u200b\u200bcombining the sovereignty of the Union with the sovereignty of his members. Design, strictly speaking, artificial. In theory, it seems to be recognized that sovereignty is the independence of the state from any power inside and outside it. But if the Union republics were members of the Union, submitted to its constitution and other legislation, then what kind of independence could we talk about? In turn, the Union, limited in their rights by the competence of the Union republics, is also difficult to consider quite independent. But the specified sovereignty design was enshrined in the law, and therefore became indisputable.

Among the Soviet lawyers there were two points of view on the problem of the sovereignty of the Union republics. Some believed that with the association of the republic, each republic delegated to him some of his rights and equally self-limiting herself. S. L. Ronin, M. A. Kafar-Zade, Yu. S. Kafar-Zade, S. Kafar-Zade, a significant part of other lawyers (A. I. Lepihkin, V. M. Koretsky, P. E . Badbalo, etc.) divided the opinion of unlimited or complete sovereignty of the Union Republic. G. Kh. Ryaboshapko, adhering to the point of view of the unlimited sovereignty, appealed to the agreement on the formation of the SSR Union, the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, adopted on its basis the Constitutions of the Union republics, as well as the constitutions at that time, proving that they do not have guidance on Limiting the sovereignty of the Union republics. As for the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, it was discussed on the restriction of the sovereignty of the Union republics, it was considered as unsuccessful edited, since it should be discussed here to delete the subjects of the Union and the Union republics. With this, A. Sh. Millman was disagreed. He noticed that in the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the sovereignty of the Union of the Republic is limited to the limits of the "listed in this Constitution", and the remaining independently carries out state power. Moreover, the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan 1921 (revision of 1925) states that "Azerbaijan SSR is a sovereign state. This sovereignty is limited only within the limits specified in the main law of the USSR and in the Constitution of the ZSFSR, and only on subjects referred to the competence of these state entities " .

The possibility of entering into foreign policy relations, which is one of the manifestations of sovereignty, also looked conflicting. The People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR existed only the year (1920-1921) and was restored after 23 years, after becoming the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR. Those authors who share the opinion on the unlimited sovereignty, considered the association in 1922 cases of external relations of the Union republics to ensure the strengthening of their sovereignty. When the United Nations (UN) was established, then only two republics were among its members, along with the USSR, were the Ukrainian and Belarusian SSR.

By 1991, Soviet Azerbaijan was one of the 15 Union republics, which together the Union of the SSR (USSR). At the same time, their history of the emergence differed significantly. The Belarusian SSR originally originated on the territory of the RSFSR as Russian autonomy, while the Azerbaijan SSR was proclaimed an independent state in the process of transferring the authority by the previous government. The Ukrainian, Armenian and Georgian SSR arose on the part of the territories separated from the former empire, while the rest of the territory was controlled by the national governments of Georgia, Armenia and Ukraine. Moreover, all of the republics listed appeared before the formation of the USSR, while the other allied republics appeared during the existence of the USSR (the five Central Asian republics were allocated from the RSFSR in the 1920s, and the three Baltic states are attached in 1940). There were rates (the Karelian-Finnish SSR from the Union republic turned into the autonomy of the RSFSR, and the Tuvinian People's Republic became part of the USSR not as the Union Republic, but as the autonomy of the RSFSR).

General

The Azerbaijan SSR was formed on April 28 immediately after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. From March 12 to December 5, 1936 was part of the Transcaucasian Federation, and from December 5, 1936 he entered the USSR directly in the rights of the Union Republic. Location - in the south-eastern part of the Transcaucasus. Branched in the north with the RSFSR (Dagestan ASSR), in the North-West with the Georgian SSR, in the southwest with the Armenian SSR and Turkey, in the south with Iran. In the East was washed by the Caspian Sea with an area of \u200b\u200b86.6 thousand km², including the islands of the Caspian Sea. Population of 5042 thousand people. (on January 1, 1969, evaluation). The capital is the city of Baku. Since 1921, according to the Moscow Agreement, the Moscow Treaty (1921), from Armenia were separated, and transferred to the New Azerbaijan SSR, Armenian - Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. The republic was divided into 60 districts, had 57 cities (in 1913 it was 13), 119 urban type villages.

In 1985, in the Soviet Union, the policy of restructuring and democratization begins, which, in particular, to the weakening of the previously strict control of the central and party power in the country and the Soviet Union as a whole. Since 1987, in the territory of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijan SSR (inhabited in the main Armenians) on the basis of pogroms in Baku and Sumgaite of the Armenian population (Supgayt Pogrom), the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict begins to flare up in Soviet times. From the very beginning, the conflict was overshadowed by the wave of ethnic violence (Sumgait Pogrom). At the same time, the tension constantly increased, dead and refugees appeared on both sides. The consequence of this was the Armenian pogroms in January 1990, which turned into an anti-Soviet uprising, coordinated by the People's Front of Azerbaijan. The uprising was suppressed by the Soviet army, however, despite this, since the spring of 1991, the conflict goes into an open armed confrontation.

On February 5, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR adopts the law on the change in the name of the republic to the Azerbaijan Republic, which did not comply with Article 71 of the USSR Constitution.

The Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan SSR) formally remained as part of the USSR to decay on December 26, 1991 since the procedures provided for by the USSR law "on the procedure for resolving issues related to the yield of the Federal Republic of the USSR" dated April 3, 1990.

Political system

From the first days of the establishment of Soviet power in cities and counties, local authorities began to be created - rural, district and county revolutionary committees (Rev.). M. D. Bagirov, who headed Azerbaijan for 20 years (from 1933 to 1953), wrote about the Rev.: "It was the first contours, still unclear due, pale, incorrect - the new building of the Soviet building ..." .

The county revision was part of the chairman, his deputy, secretary of the Committee, the head of the VVKOM political waste and the military commissar, who argued with Azrevki. Upon presentation of the county reviews, the People's Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan SSR approved members of the district river (Chairman and two members), and already on the presentation of the district roma, the county revision argued the composition of the rural Rev. (Chairman and two members), which were created in the villages where at least 300 inhabitants numbered . For example, 4 precinct and 68 rural rusts were created in the Baku County.

Each local authorities operated on places in accordance with its competences. The activities of the district and rural reekov led the county Verk, who had departments on various branches of work. So, the Cuban Revkki in June 1920 had department departments, utilities, food, health, finance, land, social security, etc. Structural units existed in the composition of the district ventiy: Department of Management (administrative), folk education, land, supply and military. Own departments were absent only in the rural Rev., but if necessary, he was given the right to create commissions to assist in the permitting issues.

The first Constitution of Azerbaijan, adopted at the I All Eassembiagian Congress of Soviets on May 19, 1921, has established the following system of senior state authorities: Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets, Azerbaijan Central Executive Committee (Azerb.)russian (Azitsk) and his presidium.

The highest power in Azerbaijan possessed the Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets. At least two times a year, I convened a oszic. The congress was representatives of all urban councils (the ratio of 1 deputy for 1000 voters) and county congresses of the Councils (the ratio of 1 deputy for 5000 voters). A total of 8 congresses of the Soviets took place, and IX was an emergency congress

The Azitsk himself was elected on the Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets, and from the delegates of the congress and was in his subordination. The oszic was located under the address of the Communist Street 11/13 on the 2nd floor. At the head of him stood the chairman, who was elected at the first meeting of each new convocation of the Azitsky for the term of the powers of the oszic itself. Together with him was elected Vice-Chair and Azitsky Secretary. His numerical composition was determined by the Constitution of no more than 75 members and 25 candidates, but in the future he expanded with each next congress. If the I allocated I grabbed 75 members and 25 candidates, II Congress - 95 members and 35 candidates, III Congress - 115 members and 37 candidates, IV Congress - 159 members and 27 candidates.

At the initiative of his presidium, the Azitsky once every two months was going to sessions, and in the period between sessions, the top authority was the Presidium of Azit.

The system of congressions of the Councils, when several bodies of state and management carried out legislative activities, eliminated the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR 1937, which established the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR as the sole legislative body of the republic. As a collegial head of state (formally), he existed until 1991, until they adopted a declaration "On the restoration of state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" and was not introduced by the position of president. On October 30, 1991, the Supreme Council decided to transfer part of its powers to the National Assembly (Milli Majlis).

The term of office of the Supreme Council on the Constitution of 1937 (as of 1966) lasted 4 years, and under the 1978 Constitution - 5 years. In accordance with the main law of 1978, it consisted of 450 deputies. In the entire history there were 12 convocations of the Supreme Council: I-IV convening - 310, V convocation - 325, VI convened - 345, VII Convening - 380, VIII Convening - 385, IX Convening - 400, X-XI conveners - 450 deputies

The Supreme Council at the first session of the next convocation formed the Council of Ministers (Government). The chairman of the Council of Ministers was engaged in the selection of his composition, and the candidates were approved by the Supreme Council. The building of the Council of Ministers, as well as the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR, served as a residential house Backeseet (Arch. S. Dadashev and M. Usainov).

President of the Azerbaijan SSR (1991)

In May 1991, the Supreme Council with the consent of the Advisory Council unanimously elected the only candidate - the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR A. Mutalibov - the first president of the republic. After the adoption of August 30 "Declaration on the restoration of state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" and contrary to the protests of the opposition People's Front of Azerbaijan, on September 8, the first presidential elections were held, the victory on which Mutalibov won.

Political parties

Political power in the USSR and its republics actually belonged to the party. For all the years of the existence of Soviet Azerbaijan, a monopoly on power in the republic possessed the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (the so-called single-party regime), which was included with other republican compatures (except for the RSFSR, which formed his Communist Party only in 1990) into the composition of CPS (b) / CPSU. The head of the party apparatus (first secretary of the Central Committee) de facto was the head of the republic. The first multi-party elections in the Azerbaijan SSR were held in the fall of 1990, the victory on which the Communist Party of Azerbaijan won.

Community of Azerbaijan SSR

Azerbaijani Communist Party (Bolsheviks) or Abbreviated ACP (b) Formed on February 11, 1920 at the illegal first congress of the Communist organizations of Azerbaijan in Baku by the merger of three organizations of the socialist orientation: "Gummet", "adalat" and the Baku Committee of the RCP (b). The main core of the newly educated party was the Baku Bolshevik organization. The party existed 71 years old and in its emergency congress, held on September 10, 1991, self-disgraced.

All three of these organizations were social democratic in their origin. The Baku Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Baku Committee of the RSDLP) was established in the spring of 1901 by the leading center of the Baku Revolutionary Social Democrats and took the position of the prominent revolutionary figure of the 20th century V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the newspaper Iskra. At the II Congress, the RSDLP in 1903 there was a split part of the party into two factions: Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) and Mensheviks (led by March). The split remained up to 1917, when two fractions were finally located and became independent parties in the form of RSDLP (b) and simply RSDLP. After changing the name to the Communist Party, the Baku Committee of the RSDRP (b) will become the Baku Committee of the RCP (b).

The activities of the organization "Gummet" ("Energy") takes its beginning from October 1904. According to the historiography of Gummet, the Baku Committee of the RSDLP created the opinion of Gummet as its branch and this organization was not independent (S. M. Efendiyev, wrote that it was organically connected with the Baku Committee of the RSDLP and at the same time used autonomy). But foreign researchers saw in the creation of "Gummet" a peculiar phenomenon of the Russian social democracy, in which Marxism with Turkic nationalism was combined and which independently existed from the RSDLP. The problem of the independence of "Gummet" in the Khrushchev Epoch caused a controversy between scientists Baku and Moscow, in particular around the fundamental monograph "History of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan" (1958). If the head of the department of the Transcaucasian Higher Party School, Professor P. N. Valuev exposed criticism to present "Gummet" as an independent batch of Azerbaijani communists, then Azerbaijani scientists strongly objected to attempts to unjust bring the role of "Gummet". In the post-Soviet time, one of the Azerbaijani Researches, I. Bagirov, concluded that the initiative to create "Gummet" belonged to the group of Azerbaijani-Democratic intellectuals. As for the party Adalat, it was founded in 1916 in Baku Iranian immigrants.

To its I, the illegal congress of 1920, the number of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was about 4 thousand people, and in January 1921 she had 15.4 thousand members. Over the next decades, it has increased significantly. By January 1, 1979, its numerical composition reached 313,742 people (300,786 members and 12,956 candidates of the member). For comparison, the party "New Azerbaijan", which ruling in the current Azerbaijan (since 1993) (by 2018) has reached a number of 725 thousand people.

Socially, by January 1, 1924, the workers in the party were 30.4%, the peasants are almost a third, and employees and others - 41.4%. If at the beginning of 1966, the proportion of workers reached 33.5%, then by the beginning of 1979 it increased to 42.2%, while the share of peasants was a quarter with a little, and the employees and the rest over the years decreased from 42.6 % up to 37.1%. It should be noted that in the early years after the formation of more than half of the Communists (56.8%) were in rural areas, but with increasing industrialization, this ratio was changed in favor of the city.

As for the national composition, in 1921, the proportion of Azerbaijanis in the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR was 42.2%. In the future, this share has grown. As of January 1, 1979, the Communist Party was 72.9% from Azerbaijanis, 10.8% - Armenians, 2.6% - Lezgin, 1.1% of Jews, as well as others.

In the emergence of the ACP (b), it had its own chief body - the Central Committee (Central Committee), the Political Guidelines from the members of the Central Committee (Politburo), and the HIGB. At the initial stage, the network of party bodies of the Communist Party of the Republic consisted of Baku and 16 county committees. So the situation with the whole WCP (b) // CPSU. The leading position of the organizational and technical apparatus of the Union-Union Party is the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) - in 1922 the Secretary General (the Secretary), which Stalin takes place. Over the next decades, structural changes occur (b) // CPSU. The Central Committee (Central Committee) began to play the role of the "Internal Parliament", the role of the executive body of the party was transferred to the secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPP (b), and the activities of the Organizing Bureau merged with the secretariat. By the end of the 1920s, Stalin focused in his hands such a significant personal power that the position began to be associated with the highest post in the party leadership, although the Charter of WCP (b) did not provide for its existence. The defeated oppositionists laid by the Stalin will be called the "Dictature of the Secretariat" (Bukharin will call it the "secretarial regime"). At the head of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan stood the first secretary. In times of L. I. Brezhnev at the level of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, the principle existed that the secretary of ideology was the second secretary, followed by the Secretary of Industry (in this way, as it were, he would be the third secretary).

The party system covered various sides of life, including the younger generation. In July 1920, the first congress was held in 1918 (as the "union of international working youth of the city of Baku and his districts") Komsomol of the Azerbaijan SSR (LCSM of Azerbaijan, that is, the Leninsky Communist Union of Youth of Azerbaijan). Its numerical composition as of January 1, 1975 amounted to 619,258 people, while the share of Azerbaijanis for 1974 was 74.4%. About the struggle of the Komsomol Youth for the Soviet power Poet Samad Vurgun wrote the epic Komsomol poem, based on the studio "Azerbaijanfilm" the film "Seven Sons of My" was shot. At the initiative of Komsomolsk cells from the second half of 1922 in the republic, especially in Baku, began to create pioneering detachments. In 1936, the house of Pioneers opened in Baku, renamed in 1952 to the Poland of Pioneers.

The Baku Higher Party School was located in Baku (now the Academy of Public Administration under the President of Azerbaijan). At the Square of Youth Square, the library of the Baku City Committee of the S. M. Kirov, where the evening university of Marxism-Leninism was held at the Baku Committee of the Committee of Azerbaijan.

People's Front of Azerbaijan

The activities of the People's Front of Azerbaijan (NFA) began with the "club of Baku scientists" from among the young liberals (Z. Alizade, L. Yunusov, T. Gasimova, H. Gaggizade, I. Gambarova, E. Mamedova). Initiative to the creation of the NFA, organized in the summer of 1988, was united in late February - early March 1989 with the organization N. Panakhova "Varlyg", but soon the scientist-orientalist A. Aliyev (Elchibay) comes out here. At the III NFA Conference in January 1990, the liberal part of this organization was separated. Liberal leaders (Z. Alizade and L. Yunusov) have created a social democratic group that served as the basis for the Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan.

Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan

The Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan was registered in 1990 and became the first officially registered party in the Azerbaijan SSR. Her chairman Araz Alizade in 1991 was elected to the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan.

Administrative device

The Azerbaijan SSR was, according to the Constitution, the "Socialist State of Workers and Peasants, the Union Soviet Socialist Republic, which is part of the SSR Union." The highest authority of state power is the unicameral Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR, which has beyond 4 years normally: 1 deputy from 12.5 thousand inhabitants. In the period between the sessions of the Supreme Council, the superior authority of state power was the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR. The Supreme Council formed the Government of the Republic - the Council of Ministers, adopted the laws of the Azerbaijan SSR, etc. Local authorities in areas, cities, villages and villages, as well as in the Nagorno-Karabakh AO, were the relevant advice of workers' deputies who interconnected by the population for 2 years. In the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Azerbaijan SSR was represented by 32 deputies (in addition, the SSR Nakhichevan ASSR and Nagorno-Karabakh AO were presented in the Nagorno-Karabakh AO, the Council of Nationalities 11 and 5 by deputies).

The supreme judicial body of the Republic of Azerbaijan SSR was under the Constitution The Supreme Court of the Republic, who confronted by the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR for a period of 5 years, acted as part of 2 judicial colleges (according to civil cases and criminal cases) and plenum. In addition, the Presidium was formed Supreme Court. The prosecutor of the Azerbaijan SSR, as well as the prosecutors of the Nakhichevan ASSR and the Nagorno-Karabakh AO, were appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for a period of 5 years.

Economy

Armed forces

Culture

Social and ethical ideal

In 1961, "Moral Code of Communism Builder" was formulated at the XXII Congress of the CPSU. He contained the ideal of Soviet society. The text of the code included 12 points:

art

After establishing the Soviet power in Azerbaijan in

The Soviet government in Azerbaijan was formed on April 28, 1920, after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The Board in the country was transferred to the Team Revolutionary Committee (VRC).
VRP carried out legislative functions, members of the Committee were Nariman Narimanov (Chairman), Aligeadi Karaev, Gazanfer Musabekov, Hamid Sultanov, and others. Power in the republic carried out in the subordination of Moscow, Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (CCCP).

On May 1, 1920, who overthrowing the democratic republic in the city of Baku, part 11 of the Red Army, without resistance to the city of Shemakhu and Agsu, approached Ganja and as a result of a short combat seized the city.

On May 3, 1920, the Soviet government began to spread to the whole territory of Azerbaijan. The Interim Revolutionary Committee issued a decree "On the creation of county and revolutionary rural committees." The Military Forces of the Bolsheviks, who are in the Baku Bay headed to the south of the country and captured the cities of Lekraran and Astara. Several parts of the Democratic Republic remained in Karabakh and were fighting with Armenian forces.

On May 5, 1920, the Interim Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan, confiscating the land of Khanii Beckov, without remuneration, issued a decree on the transfer of these lands to the disposal of the peasants. A few years after that, the same land were selected from the peasants and are given to the collective farm.

On May 7, 1920, decree on the reorganization of the army and the fleet of the Bolshevik government of Azerbaijan. The actuation of the decree was accompanied by repression towards national officer personnel. Formally, the Azerbaijani army existed until 1922, and in December of the same year, with the formation of the USSR, he became part of the Caucasian Military District of the Soviet Army.

On May 12, 1920, the Interim Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan issued a decree on education in the Republic of National Courts. Emergency Commission and the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal to Combat Council and Diversion was created, and a decree was issued on the cancellation of military and civilian officials.

On May 15, 1920, the Commissariat of People's Enlightenment of Azerbaijan issued a decree to proclaim the freedom of conscience in the republic, as well as about the separation of religion from the state and schools.

On May 24, 1920, the Interim Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan issued a decree on the nationalization of the oil industry. In fact, oil was transferred under the control of Russia. To this end, Alexander Serebryakovsky was sent to Lenin to Baku to create the Azerbaijani Oil Committee and his leadership. After the oil industry, the Caspian Fleet and Banks operating in the country were nationalized.

On June 3, 1920, part of the army of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic under the command of Noura Pali, which resisted the Bolshevik occupation, in Zangezore and Karabakh, captured the city of Shush. Additional divisions of the 11 Russian army were sent to their suppression. On July 15, the territories were re-occupied, Russian troops, large in the quantitative relation, under the command of Levandowovsky. The small divisions of the National Army are returned to the Jabrail County. At the end of June, this region goes under the control of the Bolsheviks. The uprising against metication took place until the end of the year in various regions - Shemkira, Lip, etc.

On May 6, 1921, the I generally begins its work - Azerbaijan Soviet Congress (May 6 - 19). The first Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR was adopted at Congress. The temporary revolutionary committee, as well as local revolutionary and poor committees, were canceled, and in their place they created the Central Executive Committee, as a body of higher legislation (CEC), Mukhtar Hajiyev and Local Tips became the first chairman of the CEC. The Governing Body of the Central Executive Committee of Azerbaijan (75 members and 25 candidates) was the Presidium of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (consisting of 13 people).
In the republic with 30 thousand deputies, 1400 local rural councils were formed. In 1921 - 1937, the 9th general was held - Azerbaijan Soviet Council and in 1938 this Congress replaced the Supreme Council.

July 2, 1921 - the first one was formed in Azerbaijan high schoolPreparing pedagogical shots. Currently functions called - Azerbaijanis Pedagogical University - Azerbaijan Male Pedagogical Institute (later Azerbaijan State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin).

July 5, 1921 - at a meeting of the Caucasian Bureau of the Russian Communist (Bolshevik) party, a decree was adopted on the preservation of Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the Azerbaijan SSR. The day before, on July 4, at the Plenum of the Caucasus Bureau of the RCP, the Armenian side, with the support of Ordgekidze and Kirov, was trying to adopt the law on the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenia. However, the Communist leadership of Azerbaijan led by N. Narimanov expressed a sharp protest, and as a result of the Intervention of the CCRKP, this decree was canceled. Thus, Nagorno-Karabakh remained as part of the Azerbaijan SSR, the center of which was the city of Shusha, which has a wide range of autonomous field. Despite the fact that the Armenian side could not achieve its main goal, they still received autonomy. In 1923, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was formed.

On June 7, 1923, the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR issued a decree on the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region on the territory of the Republic (NKAO). The document emphasized the "strengthening of international solidarity" between the peoples of Azerbaijan and Armenia. On the decree, mainly "Creating an autonomous region with the Armenian part of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is an integral part of the Azerbaijan SSR". In this regard, in 1921, the Caucasus Regional Bureau of the RCP adopted a decree. In this law, the center of autonomy was appointed City Shusha, and in the decree of the CEC CEC Azerbaijan, the city of Hankendi was chosen by the center of the region. Soon, on the initiative of the Armenian side, Hankendi was renamed Stepanakert. After geographically administrative division, the territory of NKAO was determined, corresponding to 4.4 thousand square meters. km.

On August 30, 1930, the decree of the Central Committee of the Council of People's Commissars The territory of the republic was again divided into new areas and areas. In accordance with the law, 63 district was created. Before this, based on the territorial - the administrative system of division, the territory of Azerbaijan consisted of 10 districts: (Baku, Ganja, Karabakh (Agdam), Guba, Kurdistan, Lankaran, Mugan (Salian), Shirvan (Geocchay), Nuha (sunset) and incoming In their composition of the counties.

On August 7, 1932, the decree of the Soviet government "On the protection of state-owned enterprises, collective farms and the cooperatives", there were strictly punishable events in the national economy. In accordance with the decision, even a small embezzlement of state property was punishable by execution, at best, the 10th year of imprisonment. The document that fell into Soviet history entitled "The Law on Five Colosums" created the soil for repression in agriculture in Azerbaijan.

June 24, 1938 - elections were held to the Supreme Council of the 1st convocation of the Azerbaijan SSR. In parliament, consisting of 310 deputies, 107 workers were elected, 88 - collective farmers and 115 employees. 72 People's Deputies made up women. In fact, all government functions of the Communist Party in the conditions of assimilation, formally performed the Supreme Council. In 1938, despite the protest of the local population, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan decides on the transfer of the Armenian SSR 2 thousand hectares of the land plot from Lachinsky, Gubadlinsky, Kelbedjar and Gazakh regions. Thus, the decision was carried out. After 31 years, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR again takes this decree. But the Republic of Heydar Aliyev who came soon to the leadership prevented the execution of this decision.

July 2, 1938 - the first group of civil aviation was organized in Azerbaijan. In 1915, the first aviation school was created in Baku, and in 1923 the first line of civil aviation was opened on the route Baku - Tbilisi. In 1933, the first airport was commissioned in Bina, and in 1938 the first group of civil aviation began to fly.

On June 25, 1987 - at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CP, it was decided to "Perestroika" by the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Mikhail Gorbachev, the update rate, first of all, provided for social and economic reforms, but soon the political and ideological spheres were also covered. In the Soviet Union (in particular in Azerbaijan), the process of freedom of speech, clarity of national movements began. The policy of "Perestroika", in the end, four years later led to the collapse of the USSR. On May 21, 1988 - the leadership of the USSR, in order to resolve the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, has changed the leadership of both union republics. At the plenum of the Central Committee of the CP Armenia, the first secretary of Karen Dimirchyan, was removed from office. And at the Plenum of the Criminal Code of Azerbaijan, the first secretary - Kamran Bagirov was suspended from office. ABDURRHANM Vesirov was appointed to the post of first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP of Azerbaijan.

On July 18, 1988, a broad meeting was held at the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, dedicated to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. At the meeting, chaired by M. Gorbachev, the political leadership of Azerbaijan and Armenia took part, as well as deputies of the Supreme Council of both republics. At the meeting, held in tense disputes, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was decided on the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh. The document described the inadmissibility of the decision of the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenian SSR and the need to cancel it. But the Armenian side left this appeal without an answer.

July 16, 1989 - in Baku held in the semi-secret setting Conference of the People's Front of Azerbaijan. This was the initial stage of the National People's Movement, which began Karabakh events in Azerbaijan. Abulfaz Elchibay was elected chairman of the NFA. And 16 people, faces with sufficiently different glances included in the control of the NFA. As a result, soon the division began in the organization.

On May 19, 1990, the post of President of the Republic of Azerbaijan was founded at the session of the Supreme Council. At the session of the Central Committee of the CP, the 1st Secretary of Ayaz Mutalibov was elected president. The Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPs of the USSR M. Gorbachev, after the election of the USSR president, together with the heads of the Union republics, began to act similarly. On May 21, 1990, the president was signed by a decree "On the restoration of statehood of Azerbaijan" on May 28.

On June 27, 1991, the Supreme Council decided to participate in Azerbaijan in the establishment of an agreement "On the Union of Sovereign States". The signing of the Agreement on the New Union did not take place, as a result of the "Augusta Putch" occurred in Moscow.

On August 30, 1991, at the extraordinary session of the Supreme Council, after the strenuous debate, it was decided to "on the restoration of state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan". The document discussed the receiver of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Democratic Republic of the existing since 1918 to 1920. In addition, the Parliament decided to prepare the Act of the Constitution - a separate law, to create the foundations of the Constitution of the State Independence of Azerbaijan.

On September 8, 1991, the first elections of the President of the Republic were held in Azerbaijan. Most of the country's political forces, in particular the People's Front, boycotted elections. As a result, the elections were carried out in a non-alternative atmosphere. The president was elected - the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP of Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutalibov.

On October 18, 1991, the adoption of the Act of the Constitution on the independence of Azerbaijan by the Supreme Council, led to the collapse of the Azerbaijan SSR and the creation of an independent Azerbaijan Republic.

The first secretaries of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party:

1. Sergey Kirov - July 24, 1921 - January 1925

2. Ruholela Akhundov 1925 - 1926
3. Levon Mirzoyan - January 21, 1926 - August 5, 1929
4. Nikolai Gikalo - August 5, 1929 - August 5, 1930
5. Vladimir Polonsky - August 5, 1930 - January 1933
6. Ruben Rubenov - February 7, 1933 - December 10, 1933

7. World Jafar Bagirov - December 15, 1933 - April 6, 1953
8. World of Teymur Yagubov - April 6, 1953 - February 12, 1954
9. Imam Mustafayev - February 16, 1954 - July 8, 1959

10. Veli Akhundov - July 10, 1959 - July 14, 1969

11. Heydar Aliyev - July 14, 1969 - December 3, 1982
12. Kamran Bagirov - December 3, 1982 - May 21, 1988
13. Abdurahman Vesirov - May 21, 1988 - January 20, 1990
14. Ayaz Mutalibov - January 25, 1990 - September 14, 1990

THE USSR. Azerbaijan SSR

Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

The Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan) is located in the eastern part of the Transcaucasus. Borders on Yu. With Iran and Turkey. On V. was washed by the Caspian Sea. Area 86.6 thousand. km 2. Population of 5689 thousand people. (January 1, 1976). National Composition (according to the correspondence of 1970, thousand people.): Azerbaijanis 3777, Russians 510, Armenians 484, Lezgins 137, etc. The average population density is 65.7 people. on 1. km 2.(January 1, 1976). Capital - Baku (1406 thousand live. On January 1, 1976). Large city - Kirovabad (211 thousand live.). New cities rose: Sumgait (168 thousand), Mink Pries, Stepanakert, Ali Bayramla, Dashkesan, and others. As part of the Azerbaijan SSR - Nakhichevan ASSR and Nagorno-Karabakh AO. In the Republic of 61 district, 60 cities and 125 urban-type villages.

Nature. Almost 1/2 of the Azerbaijani SSR is occupied by the mountains. On S. - Southeast Part of the Big Caucasus, in Yu. - The Small Caucasus, between which Kurinskaya Vpadina is located; on Yu.-v. - Talysh Mountains, on Yu.-Z. (The separated territory of the Armenian SSR) is the Middle Aaraxinskaya Basin and its Northern Mountain Framing - Daralagise (Ayotzdzorsky) and the Zangezur Range. Higher point - Bazarduzyu (4480 m.). Minerals: oil, gas, iron and polymetallic ores, Alunite. For climate and soil and vegetable cover, high-rise explanation is characteristic. The climate from dry and wet subtropical changes to the climate of the Nagorn TundR. In the lowlands, the average temperature of July 25-28 ° C, January from 3 ° C to 1.5-2 ° C, higher temperatures are falling (up to 10 ° C in highlands). Precipitation from 200-300. mM B. Year in seaside and lowlands (excluding Lenkran lowland - 1200-1400 mM.) To 1300. mM. On the southern slope of the Big Caucasus. Home River - Kura. The most significant lakes are Gadjykabul and Boejskhore. Prevails the vegetation of dry steppes, semi-desert and alpine meadows on different types chestnut, brown, serous and mountain-meadow soils. On the slopes of the mountains - broad-sized forests on mining soils; Forests are employed 11% of the territory

Historical reference. The class society on the territory of Azerbaijan originated at the beginning of the 1st thousand to n. e. From 9 c. BC e. There were ancient states: mana, mussel, atropatene, Albania Caucasian. In 3-10 centuries. n. e. The territory was under the rule of Iranian Sassanids and the Arab Caliphate; This period includes anti-sofodal, liberation performances (antisasanide uprisings, Mazdakite movement, Babek uprising). By 9-16 centuries. The feudal states of Shirvanshakhov, Hulagoundov, etc. in 11-13 centuries. Mostly there was Azerbaijani nationality. In 11-14 centuries. There was an invasion of Seljuk Türkov, Mongol-Tatars, Timur. In 16-18 centuries. territory as part of the state of Sefavid; was the object of struggle between Iran and Turkey; People's liberation movement (Cur-oglu, etc.). From the middle of the 18th century There were over 15 feudal states (Sheki, Karabakh, Cuban Khanate, etc.). In the 1st third of the 19th century. Northern Azerbaijan is attached to Russia. The peasant reform 1870 accelerated the development of capitalism; By the end of the 19th century. Baku is the largest industrial center; The first Social democratic organizations appeared; The working class led the strike struggle (Baku strikers). Workers participated in the revolution 1905-07, February Revolution 1917 and the Great October Socialist Revolution. The Soviet government was established in November 1917, the Baku Commune was formed - the stronghold of Soviet power in the Transcaucasus. Since the summer of 1918, Anglo-Turkish intervention began, the authorities captured Musavatists. With the help of the Red Army, the workers restored Soviet power. On April 28, 1920, the Azerbaijan SSR was proclaimed, which from March 12, 1922 was part of the ZSFSR, from December 5, 1936 directly to the USSR as an allied republic. As a result of the industrialization of the Communist Party of Industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture and the cultural revolution in the republic was built mainly by the Socialist Society.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Azerbaijani people mobilized all the forces to repraining the fascist aggression.

On January 1, 1976, the Communist Party of Azerbaijan consisted of 276,508 members and 11,315 party member candidates; In the ranks of the Lenin Communist Union of Youth of Azerbaijan, there were 647,315 members; In the republic over 1657.1 thousand trade union members.

The Azerbaijani people together with all the fraternal peoples of the USSR in the post-war decades has achieved new success in communist construction.

The Azerbaijan SSR was awarded 2 of Lenin orders (1935, 1964), the Order of the October Revolution (1970) and the Order of Peoples Friendship (1972).

Economy. Over the years of socialist construction, Azerbaijan has become an industrial-agrarian republic. In the national economy of the USSR, Azerbaijan is allocated to the oil, oil refining and related chemical industry, as well as mechanical engineering.

Azerbaijan has developed economic ties with all the Union republics.

In 1975, the volume of industry products exceeded the level of 1940 by 8.3 times, and the level of 1913 - 49 times.

For the production of the most important types of industrial products, see the data in Table. one.

Table. 1. - Production of the most important types of industrial products

* No wine, refinement and bottling of which are produced in the territory of other republics.

90% of electricity is produced on TPP, of which the most significant - Ali-Bayrells (1100 MW.). Construction (1977) Azerbaijan SDPP. Azerbaijan is the oldest in the USSR area for oil production (it is produced on the Absheron Peninsula, in the Kura-Araksinsky lowland, on marine fishery) and gas. Oil refining and petrochemical industries, engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, lightweight and food industry are developed.

Gross agricultural products in 1975 increased 3.5 times compared with 1940. At the end of 1975 there were 496 state farms and 873 collective farm. In 1975, 30.8 thousand tractors worked in agriculture (in physical units; 6.1 thousand in 1940), 4.4 thousand combine harvesters (0.7 thousand in 1940), 22.1 thousand trucks . Agricultural land in 1975 amounted to 4.1 million. h. (47.1% of the total territory), including Pashnya - 1.4 million. ha Senokos - 0.1 million. h. and pastures - 2 million ha. Irrigation is important for agriculture. The area of \u200b\u200birrigated land in 1975 reached 1141 thousand. ha.The largest channels: Verkhneshirevsky, Verkhnekarabakh and Samur-Absheronsky. Agriculture products are 65% of all gross agricultural products (1975). For data on sowing and shaft assembly of crops, see Table. 2.

Table. 2. - Sowing area and gross harvesting crops

One of the leading sectors of agriculture - cotton growing, gives more than 30% of revenue from the sale of agricultural products of collective farms and state farms. High-quality tobacco varieties are grown. The Azerbaijan SSR is one of the world-union bases of early vegetable growing. Vineyard Square - 178 thousand h. In 1975 (33 thousand h. In 1940), fruit-berry plantings - 147 thousand. h. (37 thousand h. In 1940), tea plantations - 8.5 thousand. h. (5.1 thousand h. In 1940). Vintage vintage - 706 thousand. t.in 1975 (81 thousand t. In 1940), fruits and berries - 151.9 thousand. t. (115 thousand t. In 1940), tea - 13.1 thousand. t. (0.24 thousand t. In 1940).

An important place in agriculture occupies animal husbandry of the meat-intestinal and meat and dairy direction (see Table 3). It gives 15% of revenue from the sale of agricultural products of collective farms and state farms. For the growth of the production of livestock products, see the data in Table. four.

Table. 4. - Production of basic livestock products

The main type of transport is railway. Operational length of railways 1.85 thousand. km. The length of the highway is 22 thousand. kM (1975), including with a solid coating of 14.7 thousand. km. Large port - Baku. Shipping riverways of 0.5 thousand km. Aviation transport is developed. Operating pipelines: Baku - Batumi, Ali Bayramla - Baku; Gas pipelines: Karadag - Akstafa with branches on Yerevan and Tbilisi, Karadag - Sumgait, Ali Bayramla - Karadag.

The vital level of the population of the republic is steadily increasing. National income in 1966-75 increased 1.8 times. Real incomes per capita in 1975 compared with 1965 increased by 1.5 times. Retroice turnover of state and cooperative trade (including public catering) increased from 297 million RUB over 2012 in 1940 to 2757 million rubles. In 1975, in this case, the turnover per capita - 4 times. The amount of deposits in savings cash registers in 1975 reached 896 million rubles. (8 million rubles. In 1940), the average deposit size - 941 rubles. (26 rubles. In 1940). At the end of 1975, the city housing foundation amounted to 28.5 million. m 2. Common (useful) area. During 1971-75, it was commissioned at the expense of the states of the collective farms and the population of 6.9 million. m 2. Common (useful) area.

Cultural construction. According to the census, 1897, 9.2% of the population was competent, among men - 13.1%, among women - 4.2%. In 1914/15 uch. G. There were 976 secondary schools of all species (73.1 thousand students), 3 secondary special educational institutions (455 students), the higher educational institutions were not. After the establishment of Soviet power, a new school was created with teaching in his native language. By 1939, the literacy of the population rose to 82.8%, according to the 1970 census it reached 99.6%. In 1975, 127 thousand children were brought up in permanent preschool institutions.

In 1975/76 uch. G. In 4618, the secondary schools of all species studied 1656 thousand students, in 125 vocational and technical educational institutions - 63.3 thousand students (including 49 vocational educational institutions giving secondary education - 30.9 thousand students), 78 secondary special educational institutions - 72.3 thousand students, at 17 universities - 99.0 thousand students. The largest universities: Azerbaijan University, Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry, Azerbaijan Medical Institute, Conservatory.

In 1975 per 1000 people, employed in the national economy, accounted for 775 people. with higher and middle (full and incomplete) education (in 1939 - 122 people). The leading scientific institution of the republic - An Azerbaijan SSR. On January 1, 1976, 21.3 thousand researchers worked in scientific institutions.

A network of cultural institutions has received significant development. On January 1, 1975, they worked: 14 theaters, including the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theater. M. F. Akhundova, Azerbaijan Drama Theater. M. Azizbeckova, Russian Drama Theater. S. Vurgun, the theater of the young viewer. M. Gorky, Music Comedy Theater. S. Kurbanova, Azerbaijan Drama Theater. J. Dzhabarla; 2.2 thousand inpatient cinema; 2806 club institutions. The largest republican library: State Library of the Azerbaijan SSR. M. F. Akhundova in Baku (OSN. In 1923, over 3 million copies. Books, brochures, magazines, etc.); There was: 3479 mass libraries (26.7 million copies. Books and magazines), 41 museum.

In 1975, 1156 books of books and brochures circulation of 11.3 million copies were released., Including 799 publications in Azerbaijani in circulation of 9.1 million copies. (1141 titles with circulation of 4974 thousand copies. In 1940). 123 journal publications were produced (a one-time circulation of 1771 thousand copies, an annual circulation of 34.8 million copies.), Including 71 publication in Azerbaijani (44 editions of the annual circulation of 722 thousand copies. In 1940). It ran out 117 newspapers. Total single circulation of newspapers 2711 thousand copies, annual circulation - 519 million copies.

Azerbaijani telegraph Agency (AZTAG) was established in 1920, from 1972 - Azerinform. The Republican Book Chamber works with 1925. The first broadcasts began in Baku in 1926. From 1956, Baku Teltolenter entered. Radio and telecasts are conducted in Azerbaijani, Russian and Armenian.

In the republic in 1975 there were 748 hospital institutions for 54.8 thousand beds (222 hospitals by 12.6 thousand beds in 1940); We worked 16.5 thousand doctors and 46.5 thousand people of secondary medical personnel (3.3 thousand doctors and 7.5 thousand people of medium-sized medical personnel in 1940). Balneological resorts are popular: Ostru , Naphthalan and etc.

Nakhichevan Assar

Nakhichevan ASSR formed on February 9, 1924. Located on Y. Transcaucasia. Borders on Yu.-Z. With Turkey and Iran. Area 5.5 thousand. km 2. Population of 227 thousand people. (January 1, 1976). National Composition (according to the correspondence of 1970, thousand people.): Azerbaijanis 190, Armenians 6, Russians 4, etc. The average population density is 41.2 people. on 1. km 2. (January 1, 1976). The capital is Nakhichevan.

In 1975, the volume of industry products exceeded the level of 1940 by 12 times. Food, mining industry is highlighted. There are electrical, metalworking, woodworking industry, construction of building materials.

In 1975 there were 24 state farms and 49 collective farms. In agriculture, irrigated agriculture prevails. Sowing areas of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 40 thousand. ha. Held cotton, tobacco and vegetables. Gardening and viticulture are developed. Dilsert mainly sheep and cattle. Livestock (on January 1, 1976, thousand): cattle 61, sheep and goats 312.

In 1975/76 uch. G. In 225 secondary schools of all species, 71.9 thousand students were studied (6.2 thousand students were studied in secondary schools in secondary schools), in 3 vocational schools - 1.1 thousand students (in 1 medium Vocational school - 600 students), in 4 secondary special educational institutions - 1.5 thousand students, in the pedagogical institute in Nakhichevan - 2.1 thousand students (before the establishment of the Soviet power of secondary special and higher educational institutions was not).

In 1975 per 1000 people, employed in the national economy, accounted for 773 people. with higher and middle (complete or incomplete) education.

Among scientific institutions is the Scientific Center of the Azerbaijan SSR in Nakhichevan.

In 1975 there were: 1 Theater, 238 mass libraries, 3 museum, 218 club institutions, 180 stationary cinema systems.

In 1975, 0.4 thousand doctors worked in the Nakhichevan ASSR, i.e. 1 doctor at 608 lives. (58 doctors, i.e. 1 doctor by 2.3 thousand live., In 1940); There were 2.1 thousand hospital beds (0.4 thousand beds in 1940).

Nakhichevan ASSR was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967), the Order of the Friendship of Peoples (1972) and the Order of the October Revolution (1974).

Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region

Nagorno-Karabakh JSC was formed on July 7, 192. Located in the southeastern part of the Small Caucasus. Area 4.4 thousand km 2. Population of 156 thousand people (January 1, 1976). The average population density is 35.4 people. on 1. km 2.Center - Stepanakert.

In 1975, the volume of industry production exceeded the level of 1940 at 11 times. The most developed food and light industry. New branch - electrical. There are forest, woodworking industry, construction of building materials. Carpets. In 1975 there were 18 state farms and 64 collective farms. Sowing areas of all agricultural crops in 1975 amounted to 63.1 thousand. ha. Cereals, cotton, tobacco, feed crops cultivated. Developed viticulture and fruit growing. Livestock meat and meat and meatshort direction. Livestock (on January 1, 1975, thousand): Cattle 86.8, sheep and goats 290.2, pigs 69.1.

In 1975/76 uch. G. In 205, general education schools of all species, over 42 thousand students were studied, in 4 vocational schools - over 1.6 thousand students, in 5 secondary special educational institutions - over 1.8 thousand students, in the Pedagogical Institute in Stepanakert - 1.6 thousand students. Among scientific institutions: Karabakh Scientific and Experimental Base of the Institute of Genetics and Selections of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR.

In 1975 there were: 1 Theater, 188 mass libraries, 3 museum, 222 club facilities, 188 stationary cinema systems.

In 1975, 312 doctors worked, that is, 1 doctor for 499 lives.; There were 1.6 thousand hospital beds.

Nagorno-Karabakh AO was awarded the Order of Lenin (1967) and the Order of Peoples' Friendship (1972).

Azerbaijan SSR. State flag.

Baku. View of the city from the Kirov Nagornoral Park.

Azerbaijan SSR. Coat of arms state. From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia (AZ) author BSE.