Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. Presentation on the theme of Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov the Savior There are events, the meaning of which is so great that the story about them lasts for centuries. Each new generation wants to hear about it and by hearing, people become stronger in spirit, because they learn

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The only son of Lieutenant General and Senator Illarion Matveyevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (1717-1784) and his wife, nee Beklemisheva. The generally accepted year of birth of Mikhail Kutuzov, established in literature until recent years, was 1745, indicated on his grave. However, the data contained in a number of formular lists of 1769, 1785, 1791. and private letters indicate the possibility of attributing this date to 1747. 1747 is indicated as the year of birth of M.I.Kutuzov in his later biographies. From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home, in July 1759 he was sent to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School, where his father taught artillery sciences. Since 1764, he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant-General II Weimarn, commanded small detachments operating against the Polish confederates. In 1767, he was recruited to work in the "Commission for the Compilation of a New Code", an important legal and philosophical document of the 18th century, which consolidated the foundations of the "enlightened monarchy." In 1770 he was transferred to the 1st Army of Field Marshal P.A.Rumyantsev, located in the south, and took part in the war with Turkey that began in 1768.

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Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience accumulated by him during the Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the 18th century under the leadership of the generals P.A.Rumyantsev and A.V. Suvorov. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. Kutuzov, in the position of a combatant and staff officer, took part in the battles at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul. For distinction in battles he was promoted to prime-majors. In the position of chief quartermaster (chief of staff) of the corps, he was an active assistant to the commander and for his successes in the battle at Popesti in December 1771 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1772, an incident occurred that, according to contemporaries, had a great influence on the character of Kutuzov. In a close comradely circle, 25-year-old Kutuzov, who knows how to imitate everyone in gait, reprimand and grip, allowed himself to mimic the commander-in-chief Rumyantsev. The field marshal found out about this, and Kutuzov received a transfer to the ranks, to the 2nd Crimean Army under the command of Prince Dolgoruky. According to another version, the reason for the transfer of Kutuzov to the 2nd Crimean Army was the words of Catherine II repeated by him about the Most Serene Prince Potemkin, that the prince is brave not in mind, but in heart. Talking to my father

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Kutuzov was perplexed about the reasons for the anger of the Most Serene Prince, to which he received an answer from his father that it was not in vain that a person was given two ears and one mouth, so that he would listen more and speak less. In July 1774, in a battle near the village of Shumy (now Kutuzovka) north of Alushta, Kutuzov, who commanded a battalion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out at his right eye, which he could no longer see. The empress awarded him the military order of St. George, class 4, and sent him abroad for treatment, taking upon herself all the costs of the trip. Kutuzov spent two years of treatment to replenish his military education.

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In 1804 Russia entered a coalition to fight Napoleon, and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of one of them. In August 1805, the 50-thousandth Russian army under his command moved to Austria. The Austrian army, which did not manage to unite with the Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm. Kutuzov's army found itself face to face with the enemy, who had a significant superiority in forces. Keeping the troops, Kutuzov in October 1805 made a retreating maneuver march 425 km long from Braunau to Olmutz and, defeating I. Murat at Amstetten and E. Mortier at Durenstein, withdrew his troops from the looming threat of encirclement. This march went down in the history of military art as a wonderful example of strategic maneuver. From Olmutz, Kutuzov proposed to withdraw the army to the Russian border, so that, after the approach of Russian reinforcements and the Austrian army from Northern Italy, they could launch a counteroffensive. Contrary to the opinion of Kutuzov and at the insistence of Emperors Alexander I and Austrian Franz I, inspired by a small numerical superiority over the French, the allied armies went on the offensive.

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The Battle of Austerlitz took place on November 20, 1805. The battle ended in the complete defeat of the Russians and Austrians. Kutuzov himself was lightly wounded in the face by a bullet, and also lost his son-in-law, Count Tizengauzen. Alexander, realizing his guilt, publicly did not blame Kutuzov and awarded him in February 1806 the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree, but he never forgave him defeat, believing that Kutuzov had deliberately set up the tsar. In a letter to his sister dated September 18, 1812, Alexander I expressed his true attitude towards the commander. In September 1806, Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kiev. In March 1808, Kutuzov was sent as a corps commander to the Moldavian army, however, due to disagreements on the further conduct of the war with the commander-in-chief, Field Marshal A.A.Prozorovsky, in June 1809, Kutuzov was appointed the Lithuanian military governor.

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At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected in July as the head of the Petersburg and then Moscow militia. At the initial stage of World War II, the 1st and 2nd Western Russian armies rolled back under the onslaught of the superior forces of Napoleon. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the confidence of Russian society. According to one of the testimonies, he put it this way about the methods by which he will act against the French: “We will not defeat Napoleon. We will deceive him. " On August 17 (29), Kutuzov received the army from Barclay de Tolly in the village of Tsarevo-Zaymishche, Smolensk province. During the day of the battle, the Russian army inflicted heavy losses on the French troops, but according to preliminary estimates, by the night of the same day, it lost almost half of the personnel of the regular troops. The balance of power has obviously not shifted in favor of Kutuzov. Kutuzov decided to withdraw from the Borodino position, and then, after a meeting in Fily (now the Moscow region), left Moscow. Nevertheless, the Russian army proved itself worthy at Borodino, for which Kutuzov was promoted to field marshal general on August 30. After leaving Moscow, Kutuzov secretly made the famous flanking Tarutino maneuver, leading the army to the village of Tarutino by the beginning of October. Finding himself south and west of Napoleon, Kutuzov blocked his path to the southern regions of the country.

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Having failed in his attempts to make peace with Russia, Napoleon on October 7 (19) began to withdraw from Moscow. He tried to lead the army to Smolensk by the southern route through Kaluga, where there were supplies of food and fodder, but on October 12 (24), in the battle for Maloyaroslavets, he was stopped by Kutuzov and retreated along the devastated Smolensk road. Russian troops launched a counteroffensive, which Kutuzov organized so that Napoleon's army was under the flank attacks of regular and partisan detachments, and Kutuzov avoided a frontal battle with large masses of troops. Thanks to Kutuzov's strategy, the huge Napoleonic army was almost completely destroyed. It should be especially noted that the victory was achieved at the cost of moderate losses in the Russian army. In the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet times, Kutuzov was criticized for his unwillingness to act more decisively and offensively, for his preference to have a sure victory at the expense of loud glory. George Knight. Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the generals opposing him, while not being shy in expressions. It is characteristic that he avoided giving public assessments to the command of Kutuzov in the Patriotic War, preferring to blame the “harsh Russian winter” for the complete destruction of his army. The attitude of Napoleon to Kutuzov can be seen in a personal letter written by Napoleon from Moscow on October 3, 1812 with the aim of starting peace negotiations.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich is a great Russian commander.

• Teacher of the Moscow State Educational Institution "Sitsevskaya Secondary School"
• Svetlakova Salia Akramovna.

• Battles and victories
• Great Russian commander. Count, His Serene Highness Prince of Smolensk. Field Marshal General. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army during the Patriotic War of 1812.
• His life was spent in battles. Personal courage brought him not only many awards, but also two wounds to the head - both were considered fatal. The fact that he survived both times and returned to duty seemed a sign: Golenishchev-Kutuzov is destined for something great. The answer to the expectations of his contemporaries was the victory over Napoleon, the glorification of which by his descendants raised the figure of the commander to epic heights.

• Monument to Field Marshal Kutuzov Smolensky in St. Petersburg Sculptor B.I. Orlovsky

• The storming of Ochakov on December 6, 1788. Artist Y. Sukhodolsky. 1853 g.
• After a secondary wound in the head, Kutuzov's right eye was damaged, and he began to see even worse, which gave contemporaries a reason to call Mikhail Illarionovich "one-eyed." It was from here that the legend began that Kutuzov wore a bandage on his wounded eye. Meanwhile, in all his lifetime and first posthumous images, Kutuzov is drawn with both eyes, although all portraits are made in the left profile - after being wounded, Kutuzov tried not to turn his right side to his interlocutors and artists. For his distinction during the siege of Ochakov, Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree, and then the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.

• Suvorov and Kutuzov before the storming of Izmail in 1790. From a painting by the artist O. G. Vereisky. 1950 g. Kutuzov takes possession of the bastion, opens the gates of the fortress and disperses the enemy with bayonet attacks. “I will never see such a battle,” the general wrote to his wife after the assault, “the hair stands on end. Whoever I don’t ask in the camp is either dead or dying. My heart sank with blood and burst into tears. "
• When, after the victory, assuming the post of commandant Izmail, Kutuzov asked Suvorov what his order about the post meant long before the capture of the fortress. "Nothing! - was the answer of the famous commander. - Golenishchev-Kutuzov knows Suvorov, and Suvorov knows Golenishchev-Kutuzov. If Izmail had not been taken, Suvorov would have died under his walls, and Golenishchev-Kutuzov too! " At the suggestion of Suvorov, Kutuzov was awarded the insignia of the Order of St. George, 3rd degree for his distinction under Ishmael.

• The storming of the Izmail fortress by the troops of A.V. Suvorov in 1790 Artists E.I. Danilevsky and V.M. Siberian. 1972-1974 Part 1

• When in 1798-1799. Turkey will open the passage through the straits for the ships of the Russian squadron of Admiral F.F. Ushakov and will join the second anti-French coalition, this will undoubtedly be the merit of M.I. Kutuzov. This time, the general's reward for the success of his diplomatic mission will be the award of nine farms and over 2 thousand serfs on the lands of former Poland.
• M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Prince of Smolensky. Artist I.I. Oleshkevich

• R.M. Volkov. Portrait of Prince M.I. Kutuzov-Smolensky. First half of the 19th century

• Monument to Kutuzov in Moscow Sculptor N.V. Tomsk

• M.I. Kutuzov to the troops on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. Artist Yu. Atlanov. 1982 year

• The battle for Maly Yaroslavets. Artist N.S. Samokish
• On October 12, 1812, near the town of Maloyaroslavets, the Russian army blocked the enemy's path. During the battle, the city changed hands 4 times, but all French attacks were repulsed. For the first time in this war, Napoleon was forced to leave the battlefield and begin a retreat towards the Old Smolensk road, the area around which was devastated during the summer offensive. From this moment on, the final stage of the Patriotic War begins. Here Kutuzov p

• The death of M.I. Kutuzov

• The contribution of M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov in the art of war is now evaluated in different ways. However, the most objective is the opinion expressed by the famous historian E.V. Tarle: “The agony of the Napoleonic world monarchy lasted for an unusually long time. But the Russian people inflicted a mortal wound on the world conqueror in 1812 ”. To this should be added an important remark: under the leadership of M.I. Kutuzov.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Timiryazevskaya secondary school"

Research

“Great sons of Russia - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov,

outstanding commander "

Kirill Shcherblyuk

Supervisor: T.S. Askarova

year 2014

E there are events, the meaning of which is so great that the story about them lasts for centuries. Each new generation wants to hear about it and by hearing, people become stronger in spirit, because they learn from which strong root they are descended.

Relevance of the topic.

V 2012 year we are celebrating the bicentennial anniversary of the victory of our people in the Patriotic War of 1812. For this significant event for all Russians, I prepared a research paper in which I considered the problem: victory in this war - an accident or a pattern? To whom should we, descendants be grateful for the opportunity to live in our homeland, to be free people ?! In Western historiography, there is an opinion that Napoleon was simply unlucky with the weather. In our historical science, considerable emphasis is placed on the leadership talents of our generals, who correctly developed a strategy for waging war. In my work, I investigated this issue, relying on real historical events, focusing on the facts confirming the undeniable importance of the role of the Russian people, both as a whole and in the person of its individual representatives in achieving victory. I was especially interested in the personality the great son of Russia, General - Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov, who took responsibility for the fate of the country.

Goal and tasks.

Hypothesis

Without the talent of the greatest commander Kutuzov M.I. victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 might not have happened!

Target

Confirm (or refute) the hypothesis put forward in the process of studying materials on the research topic.

Tasks

1. Study all available information on the topic.

2. Assess the significance of the personality of the greatest commander M.I. Kutuzov

3. Prepare a presentation and report on the topic of the project.

Introduction.

Representatives of the new generation "bow" before the talents of foreign leaders and commanders, often forgetting the great sons of Russia, and it was precisely the "Russian weapon" that was able to withstand and defeat such conquerors as Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Hitler, and it is possible that if not for Russia, the modern political map had completely different outlines.

I would especially like to note the Patriotic War of 1812, and the role in it Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who is called the savior of Russia. It is difficult to overestimate what he did for the Fatherland during the war of 1812. In our time, the name of Kutuzov is undeservedly little mentioned, although his feat, and the feat of the entire Russian people during the Patriotic War of 1812, is an example of true patriotism, heroism and self-sacrifice for the good of the fatherland. An analysis of the huge, very complex historical figure of Kutuzov sometimes drowns in a motley mass of facts that depict the war of 1812 as a whole. At the same time, the figure of Kutuzov, if he does not hide at all, sometimes turns pale, his features seem to blur. Kutuzov was a Russian hero, a great patriot, a great commander , which is known to everyone, and by the great diplomat, which is not known to everyone.

Revealing the enormous personal merits of Kutuzov was made difficult, first of all by the fact that for a long time the whole war of 1812, from the moment the Russian army left Borodino until its arrival in Tarutino, and then up to its entry into Vilna in December 1812, was not considered as a realization deep plan of Kutuzov - a plan for the preparation and then implementation of an uninterrupted counteroffensive, which led to the complete decomposition and final destruction of the Napoleonic army.

Now the historical merit of Kutuzov, who, against the will of the tsar, against the will of even a part of his staff, sweeping aside the slanderous attacks of foreigners who interfered in his affairs, is especially clear. Valuable new materials prompted Soviet historians dealing with 1812 to begin to identify their shortcomings and errors, omissions and inaccuracies, to revise previous opinions about Kutuzov's strategy, the significance of his counteroffensive, about Tarutin, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, as well as about the beginning of a foreign campaign 1813, about which we know very little, for which almost all literature about 1812 is guilty. Meanwhile, the first four months of 1813 give a lot to characterize Kutuzov's strategy and show how the counter-offensive passed into a direct offensive with the precisely set goal of destroying the aggressor and, in the future, overthrowing the grandiose Napoleonic predatory “world monarchy”.

Kutuzov was a brilliant commander. He was justly revered not only as an outstanding strategist and tactician, but as one of the best military engineers in Russia.

Curriculum Vitae.

TO utuzov (Golenishchev-Kutuzov) Mikhail Illarionovich (1745-1813) His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky (1812), Russian commander, Field Marshal General (1812). Disciple of A. V. Suvorov. A participant in the Russian-Turkish wars of the 18th century, distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail. In the Russo-Austro-French War (1805), he commanded the Russian troops in Austria and, with a skillful maneuver, brought them out from under the threat of encirclement. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812, the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army (1811-12), won victories at Rusuk and Slobodzeya, concluded the Bucharest peace treaty. In the Patriotic War of 1812, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army (since August), which defeated Napoleon's army. In January 1813, the army under the command of Kutuzov entered Western Europe.

Youth and the beginning of the service.

G Olenishchev-Kutuzov M.I. came from an old noble family. His father rose to the rank of lieutenant general and the rank of senator. Having received an excellent home education, 12-year-old Mikhail after passing the exam in 1759 he was enrolled as a corporal in the United Artillery and Engineering noble school; 1761 received the first officer rank, and in 1762 with the rank of captain was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment, headed by Colonel A.V. Suvorov. The fast career of a young Kutuzov can be explained both by receiving a good education and by the efforts of his father. In 1764-1765, he volunteered to take part in military skirmishes of Russian troops in Poland and in 1767 he was assigned to the commission to draw up a new Code created by Catherine II.

Russian-Turkish wars.

His participation in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 became the school of military skill., where he originally served as a divisional quartermaster in the army of General P.A.Rumyantsev and was in the battles at Ryaba Mogila, b. Largi, Cahul and during the assault on Bender. From 1772 he fought in the Crimean army. July 24, 1774 during the elimination of the Turkish landing near Alushta Kutuzov, commanding a grenadier battalion, was seriously wounded- a bullet came out through the left temple at the right eye. Kutuzov used the vacation he received to complete the treatment for a trip abroad, in 1776 he visited Berlin and Vienna, visited England, Holland, Italy. Upon returning to service, he commanded various regiments, and in 1785 he became the commander of the Bug Jaeger Corps. From 1777 he is a colonel, from 1784 - a major general.

During the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791 during the siege of Ochakov (1788) Kutuzov was dangerously wounded again- the bullet went right through "from temple to temple behind both eyes." The surgeon Massot who treated him commented on his wound in the following way: "It must be assumed that fate appoints Kutuzov to something great, for he survived after two wounds, fatal according to all the rules of medical science." At the beginning of 1789 he took part in the battle at Kaushany and in the capture of the fortresses of Akkerman and Bender... During the assault on Izmail in 1790, Suvorov instructed him to command one of the columns and, without waiting for the capture of the fortress, appointed him the first commandant. For this assault, Kutuzov received the rank of lieutenant general.

Diplomat, military, courtier.

There were many pretty and striking features in Kutuzov's personality:high intelligence, European education, knowledge of six foreign languages, gentlemanly manners, picturesque speech, heightened sense of patriotism. Experienced and omniscient, wise and perceptive, secularly educated, Kutuzov could be equally charming in communication with both monarchs and with "lower ranks." the Turks in 1812, which led to the conclusion of the Bucharest Peace, is a brilliant example of diplomatic art, and we all have the right to admire it.

One of the main features of Kutuzov– caution ... He was prudent to such an extent that not only numerous ill-wishers, but even his comrades-in-arms and disciples, not understanding his foresight, reproached the commander for slowness, inaction, and the enemies - even for cowardice. The military philosophy of Kutuzov, he himself expressed in a simple but succinct formula: "It is better to be too careful than oversight and deceived."

A combination of vast life experiences and rare intuition , calculation - with foresight cannot but amaze. On August 19, 1812, from near Gzhatsk, he sent his daughter Anna Mikhailovna Khitrovo one and then a second letter, insistently demanding that she leave her estate in Tarusa and leave the Kaluga province with her family for Nizhny Novgorod. Although the field for a general battle has not yet been found, and the outcome of this battle is unpredictable, it seems that Kutuzov's mind is already turned to the Kaluga road, where he will repel Napoleon and drive him back along the plundered and devastated Smolensk road.

Another feature of Kutuzov - a man and a military leader was cunning... Those who reproached him for inactivity and passivity did not suspect what a huge temperament is hidden, hidden in Kutuzov under the guise of complacency and calmness. From an early age, his nature was characterized by an extraordinary theatricality, artistry - with pretense, play, and slyness. This is not an everyday trick that takes the form of the mind, but next to the mind it turns out to be stupid itself - this is a trick that is characteristic of rare people. Deeply considering every step he took, he tried to take by cunning where the use of force was inappropriate. The balance of his clear mind and unswerving will was never disturbed. He knew how to be charming in handling, understood the nature of the Russian soldier, knew how to raise his spirit and enjoyed the boundless trust of his subordinates.

"The old fox of the North" - Napoleon said about Kutuzov. "Clever, clever, and Ribas himself will not deceive" - ​​thirty-two years earlier, in his favorite "imprinting" manner, Suvorov said about him

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich always distinguished by enviable endurance and knew how to keep dignity even in the most critical moments of the battle. He was a follower of Suvorov and undoubtedly one of the best Russian military leaders.

Kutuzov possessed a clear and subtle mind, strong will, deep military knowledge and extensive combat experience ... As a strategist, he always tried to study his adversary, knew how to take into account all the elements of the situation and steadily strived to achieve the intended goal. The phrase he said, going into the army in August 1812, in response to his nephew's careless question: “Is it really uncle, you think smash Napoleon? " - “Smash? No ... - Mikhail Illarionovich said then. - But to deceive - yes, I count! " If Napoleon's motto was: "get in, and we'll see", then Kutuzov could oppose him with another: "get out, and then we'll see."

He was reproached for indecision and passivity. He made so many enemies that he probably would have gotten enough for ten. Laziness, sybarism, gluttony, love for women, drowsiness, as if indifference and obedience to fate - what Kutuzov was not accused of! But in the middle of all this, like a Krylov elephant surrounded by a pack of mosecs, he calmly walked forward. Without explaining himself or making excuses, Kutuzov carried out his difficult mission.

The invasion of the French.

V the beginning of the 1812 campaign against the French, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of all armies acting against Napoleon (August 8). Kutuzov was forced to continue the retreat strategy. But, yielding to the demands of the army and society, he fought the Borodino battle (promoted to general - field marshal) and at the military council in Fili made a difficult decision to leave Moscow. The Russian troops, having made a flanking maneuver to the south, stopped at the village of Tarutino. Kutuzov himself was sharply criticized by a number of senior military leaders.

D
waiting for the French troops to leave Moscow, Kutuzov accurately determined the direction of their movement and blocked their path at Maloyaroslavets. The then organized parallel pursuit of the retreating enemy led to the actual death of the French army, although army critics reproached the commander-in-chief for being passive and striving to build a "golden bridge" for Napoleon to leave Russia.

V
1813 he led the allied Russian-Prussian troops. The previous tension, cold and “nervous fever, complicated by paralytic phenomena” led to his death on April 16 (28). A few days before the death of the seriously ill Kutuzov, the Emperor Alexander I visited. They say he asked for forgiveness for the fact that he had unfairly treated him - the man who saved his throne. To this Kutuzov replied: "I forgive, sir, but will Russia forgive?".

The embalmed body of Kutuzov was transported to St. Petersburg and buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

Conclusion.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was the greatest military leader, and the heroic behavior of the regular army, the active assistance of the partisan war, the popular character of the entire war as a whole - all this created a solid ground on which the strategic combinations of Kutuzov developed and led to a victorious end.

The terrible year 1812 goes deeper and deeper into history. Already 200 years have passed "since the time of Borodin." Now this is a distant page in history. Since then, a lot has happened in the world, a lot has changed. But the heroic feat accomplished by our ancestors in the Patriotic War of 1812 in the name of protecting our Motherland from foreign conquerors, and now causes admiration and a noble feeling of national pride in people.P
The memory of the great commander was majestically immortalized in Russia.The tomb of the field marshal is honorably preserved in the central hall of the Kazan Cathedral, and in front of the cathedral there is a bronze monument to him by the sculptor B.I. Orlovsky, erected here in 1837. In Moscow, near the Borodino panorama, since 1973, there has been an equestrian statue of Kutuzov, carved in bronze by N.V. Tomsky. Next to the panorama and the statue is the "Kutuzovskaya hut" (the seat of the military council in Fili), partially burned down in 1867, restored - already as a museum - in 1877, and since 1962 has been operating as a branch of the Borodinskaya Panorama Museum battle".

Streets and avenues are named after Kutuzov. There is also Kutuzov Street in our hometown Gorodets. Cruisers, ships named after the great commander, cut through the expanses of water.

V days of the Great Patriotic War was established Order of Kutuzov 1st, 2nd (1942) and 3rd degree (1943)- the third most important of the highest military awards of the USSR (after the Orders of Victory and Suvorov).

In Soviet times, from 1945 to 1991, there was also the only Kutuzov museum in the world (on the territory of Poland) - in the very house where the field marshal died, in the town of Boleslawiec, formerly Bunzlau

Already in our days, on December 16, 2000, according to the results of a survey of Russians by the Public Opinion Foundation, Kutuzov was called the “man of the century” (XIX century), ahead of A.S. Pushkin and L.N. Tolstoy, P.I. Tchaikovsky and D.I. Mendeleev.

Bibliography

Abalikhen B.S. Bogdanov L.P. Buchneva V.P. “Russian army in 1812. Organization, management, weapons. M., Military Publishing. 1979

Bogdanov Buganov V.I. "It is not for nothing that the whole of Russia remembers ...". M., Young Guard. 1988.

Balyazin V. N. “1000 entertaining subjects from Russian history”. M., Knowledge. 1995

PR Lyakhov “Great commanders”, M., Science. 2002

Tarle. E.V. "Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - Commander and diplomat" M., 2001

Internet directories

Contents n Biography of Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov n Education n The beginning of a military career n Battle of Borodino

Biography of MI Kutuzov n Mikhail Kutuzov was born in 1745 into a noble family with ancestral roots in Novgorod. His father, Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzova (1717-1784), a military engineer, lieutenant general and senator, had a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son. From childhood, Kutuzov was gifted with a strong build, combining inquisitiveness, enterprise and agility with thoughtfulness and a kind heart.

Studies n From the age of seven, Mikhail studied at home. He received his military education at an artillery engineering school, where his father taught artillery sciences. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, with the rank of an engineer-ensign and was left at the school as a teacher to teach students mathematics.

Beginning of a military career n In 1761, at his own request, he was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment. Due to his excellent knowledge of languages ​​(German, French, and later Polish, Swedish and Turkish) in 1762 he was appointed adjutant to the governor general. In 1764 - 1769 served in Poland in the troops of N. Repnin.

The beginning of a military career n Of great importance in the formation of Kutuzov as a military leader was the combat experience he accumulated during the Russian-Turkish wars in the second half of the 18th century under the leadership of generals P. A. Rumyantsev and A. V. Suvorov. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 -74. P. A. Rumyantsev A. V. Suvorov

The beginning of a military career n Kutuzov took part in battles. For the difference in battles he was transferred to the prime-majors. In December 1771 he received the rank of lieutenant colonel, in 1777 he was promoted to colonel, in November 1784 he received the rank of major general.

War with Napoleon n n In 1804 Russia entered a coalition to fight Napoleon, and in 1805 the Russian government sent two armies to Austria; Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of one of them. In August 1805, the 50 thousandth Russian army under his command moved to Austria. Napoleon l Bonaparte

War with Napoleon n The Austrian army, which did not manage to unite with the Russian troops, was defeated by Napoleon in October 1805 near Ulm. Kutuzov's army found itself face to face with the enemy, who had a significant superiority in forces. Keeping the troops, Kutuzov made a retreating maneuver march and withdrew his troops from the looming threat of encirclement. This march went down in the history of military art as a wonderful example of strategic maneuver.

Patriotic War of 1812 n At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, General Kutuzov was elected head of the Petersburg and then Moscow militia. At the initial stage of World War II, the Russian armies retreated under the onslaught of the superior forces of Napoleon. The unsuccessful course of the war prompted the nobility to demand the appointment of a commander who would enjoy the confidence of Russian society.

Patriotic War of 1812 n Tsar Alexander I was forced to appoint General Kutuzov commander-in-chief of all Russian armies and militias. Shortly before the appointment, the tsar granted Kutuzov the title of His Serene Highness. The appointment of Kutuzov caused a patriotic upsurge in the army and the people.

Battle of Borodino n The Battle of Borodino - the largest battle of the Patriotic War of 1812 between the Russian and French armies - took place on September 7, 1812 near the village of Borodino. Under the powerful onslaught of the French, the Russian troops continued to retreat in order to gain time to gather all their forces. By that time, Napoleon's army had already suffered significant losses, and the difference in the size of the two armies had narrowed. In this situation, Kutuzov decided to give a general battle not far from Moscow, near the village of Borodino. Early in the morning on September 7, 1812, the great Battle of Borodino began.

Battle of Borodino n For 6 hours, Russian troops repulsed fierce enemy attacks. The losses were huge on both sides - over 38 thousand Russian soldiers and 58 thousand French. The Russian army retreated, but retained its combat effectiveness. Napoleon failed to achieve the main thing - the defeat of the Russian army. Kutuzov launched a "small war" with the forces of army partisan detachments. By the end of December, the remnants of Napoleon's army were expelled from Russia. The Battle of Borodino is one of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century. In honor of the great victory, the Day of the Battle of Borodino is celebrated with a holiday - the Day of Military Glory of Russia.

The last years of his life Thanks to the strategy of Kutuzov, the huge Napoleonic army was almost completely destroyed, for which Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st degree, becoming the first full George Knight. Napoleon often spoke contemptuously about the generals opposing him, while not being shy in expressions, but he avoided giving public assessments of Kutuzov's command in the Patriotic War. In 1813, Mikhail Kutuzov led the allied Russian-Prussian troops. n

The last years of his life On April 5, 1813, the commander-in-chief caught a cold and went to bed in a small Prussian town (now the territory of Poland). Tsar Alexander I arrived to say goodbye to the very weak field marshal. The next day, April 28, 1813, Prince Kutuzov died. His body was embalmed and sent to St. Petersburg, where he was buried in the Kazan Cathedral. For a month and a half, the coffin with his remains moved to St. Petersburg. Five miles from the city, the horses were unharnessed, and the people carried the coffin on their shoulders until the Kazan Cathedral, where the great commander was solemnly buried.