Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. Classification of emergency situations of a technogenic nature. Characteristics of accidents at hooo roo and fires at hazardous facilities

Today human activity is associated with the use of complex technologies. Various potentially hazardous substances are used everywhere in industry and agriculture. Technological cycles use various toxic chemicals and atomic energy. Human economic activity can lead to various accidents, emergencies of various scales.

In each country, the state and the relevant services monitor the implementation of all safety standards. There is a certain list of what objects are potentially dangerous. Residents of each region should know what consequences the disruption of the work of such enterprises can lead to. Knowing how to behave correctly in an emergency can save your life in the event of an accident.

Definition

It is very important to know. This issue is discussed in detail in the school curriculum. Each region, district, city has a special list, which includes similar objects. These include buildings, structures, and other economic units, in the event of an accident in which the death of people, damage to property is possible.

Previously, humanity was faced with only natural disasters. Today, with the development of the economy, they have also been supplemented. As a result of an emergency, not only people may die or suffer, but also animals and nature.

To prevent the development of adverse consequences, a register of such objects is kept. A special commission constantly examines them, evaluates the completeness of compliance with all safety requirements and standards. This makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of an accident, the severity of the consequences of an emergency. Also, the maintenance of such a register allows you to provide for the presence of all measures to eliminate negative consequences.

Features of dangerous objects

People must understand that they are in their immediate vicinity. Such economic units include territories on which buildings, structures and other tangible assets are located, which are classified as having a higher level of responsibility. This group also includes objects that can simultaneously accommodate 5 thousand people or more (determined on the basis of project documentation).

The Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation controls the assignment of certain tangible assets to the category of potentially dangerous. These include technically complex, dangerous or unique objects.

The level of danger that characterizes certain fixed assets may be different. In our country, many ordinary citizens live in the immediate vicinity of such objects. Most of all, their concentration is determined in areas with the likelihood of the release of chemically hazardous substances into the environment. Up to 54 thousand people live in such zones.

Varieties

Each region maintains its own register of tangible assets that are classified as potentially hazardous. This is influenced by the direction of the economic activity of each region. The relevant documentation regulates what potentially dangerous facilities are located in Moscow, Ufa, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and other large and small cities of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the peculiarities of the development and course of an emergency, 4 categories of such economic units are distinguished. There are the following types of danger:

1. Chemical (KhOO).
2. Radiation (ROO).
3. Explosion and fire hazard (PVO).
4. Hydrodynamic (GDOO).

The scale of the accident can vary. In some cases, an emergency can take on the size of not only regional, but also global significance. Therefore, compliance with all safety rules is a vital necessity.

Statistics

The state maintains certain statistics, what are the potentially dangerous objects are in close proximity to people. Also, the frequency of accidents at such enterprises allows the management of such economic units to draw certain conclusions.

According to statistics, there are about 12.5 thousand potentially dangerous objects in Russia. About 8 thousand of them are classified as fire and explosion hazardous organizations. 3.8 thousand are chemically hazardous enterprises. A total of 0.8 thousand of all objects of increased potential hazard included in the register are classified as hydrodynamic. A total of 68 facilities pose a radiation threat.

However, despite the fact that most people (about 54 thousand people) live in close proximity to chemically hazardous enterprises. About 7 thousand citizens of the Russian Federation live near objects of hydrodynamic, fire hazard (explosive) category. There are about 4.5 thousand people in the zone of potential radiation threat. Also, about 7 thousand people live in a small distance from the main pipelines. These facilities are also recognized as potentially hazardous.

Chemically hazardous facilities

Local authorities keep records, what potentially dangerous facilities are located in Yekaterinburg, Saratov, Moscow, Ufa and other cities of the Russian Federation. Depending on the type of potential danger of such organizations, appropriate actions are taken to prevent the occurrence of an emergency, to eliminate its consequences.

Chemically hazardous objects include objects of material assets, in the event of an accident on which the environment, people, animals, material assets can be damaged by chemical substances. In this case, their content in nature in the disaster zone will exceed the permissible level.

Infection can affect the surface layers of the atmosphere, water sources, vegetation, soil. Moreover, such emergencies can be accompanied by explosions and fires.

Typical HOO

It should be considered in more detail, what objects are potentially dangerous. life safety fundamentals(The basis is highlighted by a number of enterprises that belong to the category of HOO. The activities of such organizations are related to the use of ammonia and chlorine.

Enterprises that pose a potential chemical threat include water treatment plants as well as refrigeration plants. Enterprises of the chemical industry and oil refineries also pose a similar threat. This includes the petrochemical defense industry.

Potential threats to the environment are pipelines that transport toxic substances. Other vehicles providing transportation of similar products are also classified as XOO. Some components, materials used by various enterprises may not be chemically hazardous. However, as a result of an explosion or fire, they enter into chemical reactions. In this case, poisonous substances are obtained that can cause significant damage to the environment.

Radiation hazardous facilities

Considering, which enterprises belong to potentially hazardous facilities, it is necessary to consider a group of radiation hazardous organizations. There are not many of them in our country. However, in the event of an accident, the scale of the disaster could become national.

The ROO category includes nuclear reactors, enterprises using radiation fuel, as well as reprocessing ones.

The category of potentially hazardous radiation objects includes radiation sources of the ionizing type. In the event of an accident at any of the above facilities, there is a possibility of exposure, radiation contamination of the environment. As a result, significant damage can be caused to people, animals, plants and property.

Typical ROOs

You should also consider what objects are considered potentially dangerous in the category of radiation potential threat. First of all, nuclear power plants are included in the RPO register. The history knows repeated accidents at similar objects. The consequences of some of them last for decades.

The ROO category also includes companies engaged in the processing and manufacture of nuclear fuel, disposal of waste after its use. It is customary to include scientific and research organizations that use radiation installations in their activities. Also, one of the types of ROO are military facilities and enterprises for the production of equipment for them.

The danger posed by the objects presented can be different. It is measured by the amount of radiation that, in the event of an accident, such an enterprise can release into the environment. This parameter is influenced by the power of the installation using nuclear energy. Potentially the greatest danger is concentrated in nuclear power plants, as well as in research centers with nuclear installations.

Explosive and fire hazardous facilities

It should be noted that to determine what class do potentially dangerous objects belong to?, maybe a special commission. Enterprises often carry several potential man-made threats at once.

The category of fire and explosion hazardous enterprises includes material assets on which the production, storage, use or transportation of flammable substances and materials is carried out. Since the factors that allow one or another organization to be classified in the presented category differ in a number of indicators, the degree of danger may be different.

All objects potentially carrying a fire or explosive threat are divided into 5 categories. They are designated by letters of the Russian alphabet. The most dangerous facilities are category A.

Typical air defense

Referring to the list, what objects are potentially dangerous in the air defense category, all existing groups of similar organizations should be considered. Category A includes enterprises of the gas, oil and chemical industries. They pose the highest potential explosion or fire hazard in the event of an accident.

It is customary to refer to category B companies engaged in the extraction of coal, wood flour, synthetic rubber and powdered sugar. Woodworking organizations are less likely to cause a fire or explosion. These can be sawmills, carpentry workshops, etc. This category includes warehouses where oil is stored.

Group D includes enterprises of the metallurgical industry. These are also boiler houses, workshops for heat treatment of materials. Category D includes organizations involved in the processing and storage of cold, non-combustible materials.

Hydrodynamic hazardous facilities

Considering, what objects are classified as potentially dangerous, you should consider economic organizations that carry a hydrodynamic hazard. Such installations create a difference between the water level on both sides. These are natural dams and hydraulic structures.

Typical GDOOs

Consider what objects are potentially dangerous from the point of view of hydrodynamics. This category includes natural and artificial dams, pressure basins of thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, water intakes and retaining walls. In the event of an accident at such an object, large areas may be flooded with water.

Having considered, what objects are potentially dangerous, one can conclude that there are such enterprises in the immediate vicinity of one's home, take measures to prevent negative consequences in the event of a dangerous situation.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS GOMEL STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Military department

"__" __________ 2012

Military and extreme medicine

teaching aid for students

Topic No. 3.3 Medical and tactical characteristics of accidents at

chemically hazardous facilities and radiation hazardous facilities

Lesson 3.3.2 Medical-tactical characteristics of accidents at chemically hazardous

facilities and radiation hazardous facilities

Study group: 2nd year students of the medical and diagnostic faculty

Discussed at the meeting of the department "__" ________ 2012, minutes No. ___

Gomel, 2012

1. Educational and educational goals. Learning objectives:

1. Parse the features and possible medical and sanitary consequences of accidents at chemically and radiation hazardous facilities (HOO and ROO).

2. To study the medico-tactical situation, master the methodology for assessing the medico-tactical characteristics of foci of chemical and radiation damage.

Educational purposes:

1. To form and develop students' competence and psychological confidence in the effectiveness of modern prevention and elimination of medical consequences of emergencies at HOO and ROO, moral, psychological stability and readiness to act when working in contaminated zones, responsibility and self-confidence when working in emergency situations.

2. To instill in students a sense of patriotism, military duty, moral and psychological readiness to defend the Fatherland.

2. Type of lesson: practical lesson.

H. Study time: 2 hours.

4. Location of the lesson:classroom of the department.

5. Study questions and timing:

6. Educational and material support: a) literature

Main:

Kambalov, M.N. Medical and sanitary consequences of accidents at chemically and radiation-hazardous facilities: A manual for students of all faculties / MN Kambalov, MT Tortev - Gomel: Educational institution "Gomel State Medical University". 2007.

Kambalov, M.N. Emergency medicine. Fundamentals of the organization of medical care and protection of the population in emergency situations: Teaching aid for students of all faculties / MN Kambalov - Gomel: Educational institution "Gomel State Medical University", 2008. - 224 p.

Otroshchenko, I.M. Medicine of disasters: textbook / I.M. Otroshchenko, M.T. Tortev - Gomel state med.in-t-Gomel: GGMI, 2003 - 274 p.

Additional:

Borchuk, N.I. Medicine of extreme situations: textbook / N.I. Borchuk. - Mn .: Vysh. shk, 1998. – 240 p.

Dubitsky A.E. Disaster medicine: textbook / A.E. Dubitsky, I.A. Semyonov, L.P. Cheeky; Kiev: "Health", 1993.

Kambalov, M.N. Collection of questions for testing in medicine of extreme situations: study guide. manual for students of all faculties / M.N. Kambalov, S.A. Anashkina. - Gomel: Educational institution "Gomel State Medical University", 2008.

b) electronic support

EUMK, Bespalov, YA Electronic textbook Medicine of extreme situations / YA Bespalov [et al.] - [Electronic resource]. - 2008.

Educational and testing program "Action of the population in emergencies of natural and man-made character."

c) material support of the lesson:

TV, DVD-player (multimedia equipment).

Multimedia slides "Ministry of Agriculture of Accidents at HOO and ROO" (CD-RW VK No. 11).

Educational film "Chernobyl: causes and consequences" (CD-RW VK # 22).

7. Motivational characteristics of the topic, goals, objectives, initial level of knowledge.

Intensive development of chemistry, growth of chemical production,

the use of chemicals in industry, military affairs, and then in agriculture and everyday life created the prerequisites for the occurrence of accidents at chemical plants, chemical pollution of the environment, and their negative impact on human health. At present, in the developed countries of the world there are about 400 power units comprising more than 200 nuclear power plants. Despite the huge funds invested in ensuring the safe operation of nuclear power plants, it is impossible to completely exclude emergencies. It is considered natural that after radiation exposure even in small doses, the frequency of leukemia, neoplasms, impaired immunity and other diseases among the population who have had contact with radioactive substances increases.

The study of this topic contributes to the systematization of knowledge on the organization of medical care and the protection of the population in the event of accidents at HOO and ROO and is necessary for the education of a comprehensively educated and tactically competent doctor.

The purpose of the lesson is to study the main consequences of accidents at potentially hazardous facilities and the methodology for their assessment.

Lesson objectives:

1. Describe the main consequences of accidents at potentially hazardous facilities (HOO and ROO).

2. To study with students the types of lesions of SDYAV and

3. Master the assessment methodology medical and tactical characteristics of foci of chemical and radiation damage.

4. To form in students the concept of the need to master the discipline by determining the relevance of the studied issues of the curriculum.

Requirements for the initial level of knowledge. To fully master the topic, you need to repeat the questions:

1. Classification of emergency situations and their characteristics.

2. Medical-tactical the situation in the emergency zone.

8. Test questions from related disciplines

General chemistry - the concept of poisons and toxins and their classification. Medical and Biological Physics - Biological Action

ionizing radiation

9. After studying the issues of this topic, the student: to know and be able to use:

classification, medical and tactical characteristics of emergency situations at HOO and RPO;

must have an idea

about the possibilities of the formations of the emergency medical aid service in emergency situations.

10. Teaching Materials Introduction

Advances in physics and chemistry have made it possible to develop many technologies based on chemical and nuclear processes. The creation of large energy-technological complexes, harmful to the health of industries, periodic accidents at them caused an extremely negative impact on the habitat of all living things - plants, animals, people. The population of industrially developed states, including Belarus, turned out to be unprepared for such a powerful effect of chemical and radiation factors. The concentration of xenobiotics has significantly increased in air, water, soil, food products, the number of which is hundreds and even thousands of names. The toxic load on a person has increased hundreds of times.

Despite the huge funds invested in ensuring the safe operation of nuclear power plants, it is impossible to completely exclude emergencies. It is considered natural that after radiation exposure even in small doses, the frequency of leukemia, neoplasms, impaired immunity and other diseases among the population who have had contact with radioactive substances increases.

1. Sizes of zones of chemical contamination. Their dependence on the type of potent toxic substances, meteorological conditions and terrain

In the event of accidents at an industrial facility, toxic substances may enter the environment. Part of the SDYAV in the form of vapor and aerosol is transferred into the air and infects it. The volume of air in which the steam or aerosol of the SDYAV is distributed is called a cloud of contaminated air, which can rise to a height of 50 m and spread under the influence of wind over a distance of 70 km, forming a zone of chemical contamination (CCP).

When the SDYAV is emitted in the atmosphere, a primary contaminated cloud is formed, which will dissipate in the atmosphere to one degree or another: gases with a density less than 1 will dissipate in the upper atmosphere and vice versa.

If there was an ejection of liquid SDYAV, then the primary cloud is formed due to evaporation. When cooled, the vapors condense and fall to the ground as the cloud moves. This condensation can be carried over long distances by the wind. Falling out of the primordial cloud

SDYAV evaporate again and form a smaller secondary cloud, which can cause contamination of the area.

The territory infected with SDYAV is called chemical contamination zone (ZHZ). The zone of chemical contamination includes the area directly affected by SDYAV (spill zone) and the area over which the cloud infected with SDYAV has spread.

In the event of an SDYAV spill (release), the ZHZ includes the spill (release) area and the territory within which vapors of toxic substances in damaging concentrations have spread. It can be small or large, depending on the amount of a chemical, its physical and chemical properties, meteorological conditions, and the nature of the area.

The territory affected by SDYAV, on which mass destruction of people can occur or occur, is called a focus

chemical damage (OHP) SDYAV.

The size of the infected zone depends on the following factors:

1. Characteristics of the accident object (enterprise, vehicle), the degree of hazard of a chemically hazardous object.

2. The time of the accident, the type of SDYAV, the amount of its entry into the external environment, the time of the damaging effect on people.

3. The size of the population trapped in the accident zone and in the area of ​​distribution of contaminated air.

4. Real meteorological conditions at the time of the accident (air temperature, soil, wind direction and speed, its vertical stability).

5. Topographic features of the area (relief, vegetation, the nature of buildings in the path of the spread of contaminated air).

6. The composition, location and capabilities of various units for the elimination of the consequences of the accident, including the EMF forces.

7. The degree of protection of the personnel of the affected facility and the population of the contaminated area from the damaging factors of emergencies.

The dimensions of the ZHZ are determined by the depth of the spread of a cloud of contaminated air with a poisonous substance with damaging concentrations

and its width. They depend on:

1. The amount of SDYAV in a container or at an object.

2. Areas, open or closed. In a city with continuous buildings and a forest, the depth of the spread of contaminated air decreases on average by 3.5 times.

3. The container is heaped or not. For bunded or buried containers with SDYAV, the depth of propagation of contaminated air is reduced by 1.5 times.

4. The type of vertical stability of atmospheric air.

5. Wind speeds.

The width of the ZHZ depends on the degree of vertical stability of the air and is determined by the following ratio: with inversion - 0.03 depth, with isometry - 0.15 depth, with convection - 0.8 depth.

The conclusions when assessing the chemical situation, which are necessary for making a decision on the organization of EMF to victims, include answers to the following basic questions:

the number of people affected;

the most expedient actions of the personnel of the affected facility, the liquidators of the accident, the population of the contaminated area and the EMF forces involved in rescue operations;

additional protection measures for various contingents of people trapped in the accident zone.

2.Characteristics of lesions in accidents at industries with the use of potent toxic substances and other hazardous technologies

Enterprises of the national economy that produce, store and use SDYAV, in the event of an accident at which mass destruction of people can occur, are chemically hazardous objects(XOO).

The facilities that have, use or transport SDYAV include: enterprises of the chemical, oil refining, oil refining and other types of related industries; enterprises equipped with refrigeration units; enterprises with large quantities of ammonia; chlorine-based waterworks and wastewater treatment plants; railway stations with storage space for rolling stock with SDYAV, trains with tanks for transporting SDYAV; warehouses and bases with stocks of substances for disinfection, disinsection and deratization of storage facilities with grain or its processed products; warehouses and bases with stocks of pesticides used in agriculture.

Chemical accident- unplanned and uncontrolled release (spill, placer, leak) of SDYAV, negatively affecting humans and the environment.

Accidents can occur as a result of violations of production technology at a chemical enterprise, in violation of safety regulations at chemical storage facilities or chemical weapons destruction facilities. Massive defeat in the destruction of chemical weapons or the use of chemical weapons are also possible in the course of war and armed conflict or as a result of a terrorist act.

From an organizational point of view, taking into account the scale of the consequences, it is necessary to distinguish between local accidents (private and facility), which occur most often, and large-scale (from local to transboundary). In case of local accidents (leakage, spillage or scattering of a toxic substance), the depth of propagation of zones of contamination and damage

does not go beyond the production premises or the territory of the facility. In this case, as a rule, only personnel enter the affected area.

The focus of a chemical accident- the territory within which the release (strait, scattering, leakage) of SDYAV occurred and as a result of the impact of damaging factors there was massive death and damage to people, farm animals and plants, as well as damage to the natural environment.

Thus, the OXP SDYAV is formed inside the ZHZ SDYAV and has borders that are not identical with the last one. In ZKhZ there can be one or several foci of chemical damage. In the event of a ZCP within the city limits, the size of the UHP will probably correspond (equal) to its size due to the uneven distribution of the population in the city and beyond, the nature of the building, etc.

Toxic dose (toxodose) - the amount of a substance with a certain degree of toxicity required to obtain a certain effect of damage.

In the focus of chemical damage, the following zones are distinguished:

zone of deadly toxicosis(at the outer border, 50% of people will receive a lethal toxic dose);

zone of toxic doses(at the outer border, 50% of people will receive a damaging toxic dose, that is, they will need hospitalization);

uncomfortable zone(signs of intoxication or exacerbation of chronic diseases, irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract).

2.1 Medical-tactical situation in the focus of chemical damage

Medical-tactical situation in the focus of chemical destruction of SDYAV

caused by a combination of various factors that have a positive or negative impact on the organization of medical care.

The integral indicators of the medico-tactical characteristics of foci of chemical damage to SDYAV include:

belonging of SDYAV to one or another class of chemical compounds;

physical and chemical properties of SDYAV (specific gravity, solubility in water and other solvents, vapor density, boiling point, melting point);

toxicological features of the action of SDYAV (routes of possible admission, peculiarities of the clinic of intoxication, the ability to deposit, the amount of toxodose);

availability of means of prevention and therapy of poisoning.

In addition to the above factors, it is necessary to take into account the influence of geographic, meteorological conditions, the characteristics of the settlement.

The medical-tactical classification of the lesions of the SDYAV takes into account the persistence of the SDYAV and the time of the onset of the damaging effect.

According to this classification lesions of SDYAV are subdivided into the following types:

1. The lesion focus of unstable fast-acting substances; formed by infection with hydrocyanic acid, ammonia, carbon monoxide

and etc.

2. A lesion focus with unstable slow-acting substances (phosgene, nitric acid, etc.).

3. The lesion focus with persistent fast-acting substances - some phosphorus compounds (FOS), aniline, etc.

4. The lesion focus with persistent slow-acting substances - sulfuric acid, tetraethyl lead, dioxin, etc.

For lesions created fast acting substances, typically:

sudden, one-time defeat of a large number of people;

the rapid development of intoxication with a predominance of severe lesions;

lack of time to adjust the work of health care taking into account the current situation;

the need to provide medical care directly in the lesion focus (self and mutual assistance is of decisive importance) and at the stages of medical evacuation as soon as possible;

quick evacuation of the affected from the lesion focus in one flight. Features of the lesion focus with slow-acting substances

are:

gradual, over several hours, the formation of sanitary losses;

the presence of some reserve of time to adjust the work of health care, taking into account the current situation;

the need for measures to actively identify the affected among the population;

evacuation of the affected from the outbreak as they are identified (in several transport trips).

V in order to characterize the ecological effect of SDYAV, the concept is used"Long-term" a focus of chemical damage to SDYAV. This is a focus formed by almost any persistent SDYAV, which, under certain conditions, are capable of infecting the biosphere (water sources, plankton, soil, plants) for a long time (weeks, months) and, therefore, create an unfavorable sanitary and hygienic situation in this area for a long time.

3. Characteristics of lesions in accidents at nuclear power plants and others radiation hazardous facilities

The last decades have been characterized by the expansion of the use of radioactive substances (RS) in many sectors of the national economy (energy, construction, medicine, etc.) both in various countries of the world and in the Republic of Belarus. In this regard, the risk of exposure to sources of ionizing radiation (IRS) on professional contingents who have contacts with them increases, and when radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere, a dangerous radiation situation is created, which can lead to exposure of the population in doses higher than permissible. According to the available literature, more than 100 radiation accidents have already occurred in the world.

Objects using radiation sources in national economic activities,

are called radiation hazardous objects (ROO).

Radiation accident can be defined as an unexpected situation at a radiation hazardous facility caused by equipment malfunction or disruption of the normal course of the technological process, which may result in an external effect of ionizing radiation on personnel and the public, as well as exposure as a result of the ingestion of radioactive substances into the body in doses exceeding the radiation safety standards.

An emergency situation can be caused by various reasons, the main of which are violations of the rules for the operation, storage and transportation of radiation sources. The most tragic consequences can be caused by accidents at nuclear power plants.

There are currently no nuclear power plants on the territory of the Republic of Belarus, but four operate in the border areas of neighboring states, which include the territory of the republic in their 100-km zone. These are Ignalina NPP (Lithuania) - located at a distance of 8 km from the border of the Republic of Belarus, Smolensk NPP (Russia) - 65 km, Chernobyl NPP (Ukraine) - 8 km and Rovno NPP (Ukraine) - 67 km.

An accident with the destruction of a nuclear reactor can also occur as a result of a natural disaster, the fall of an aircraft on the construction of a nuclear power plant, the impact of an explosion of conventional ammunition, etc. It is accompanied by the rupture of large pipelines with a coolant, damage to the reactor and containment zones, failure of control and protection systems, which causes instant loss tightness of the reactor structures, complete fusion of the fuel elements and release of radioactive substances with steam flows into the environment.

Taking into account all the above circumstances, according to the radiation safety regulations around the NPP, the following zones have been established:

sanitary protection (radius 3 km);

possible hazardous pollution (30 km);

observation (50 km);

100 km (according to the regulations for protective measures).

Lesson plan: 1. Division of accidents and disasters by the nature of their manifestation. 2. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. 3. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities Lesson plan: 1. Subdivision of accidents and disasters by the nature of their manifestation. 2. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. 3. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities

AHOV - Chemical hazardous substances are chemicals or compounds that, when released or spilled into the environment as a result of an accident or sabotage, can cause massive damage to people or animals, as well as contamination of air, water, soil, plants and various objects above established maximum permissible values. Terms, abbreviations, warning signs KhOO - chemically hazardous objects

Technogenic emergencies are subdivided Accidents at HOO Accidents at ROO Accidents at fire and explosive facilities Accidents at hydrodynamic hazardous facilities Transport accidents. Accidents at utilities and power grids Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities

2. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. A chemically hazardous facility is stored develop is used On which hazardous chemical substances in case of an accident or destruction of which may result in death or chemical contamination of people, farm animals and plants, as well as chemical contamination of the environment.

Classification of accidents at HOO 1. Accidents as a result of explosions causing destruction of the technological scheme Destruction of engineering structures, Production is stopped For restoration, special allocations from higher organizations are required 2. Accidents as a result of which the main or auxiliary technical equipment, engineering structures are damaged, Production is stopped restoration of production requires large expenditures for planned capital repairs, but does not require special allocations from higher authorities.

2. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. a radiation hazardous facility is stored develop is used On which radiation substances in an accident or destruction of which may result in exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of people, farm animals and plants, as well as the environment.

Radiation accidents are subdivided into 3 types: local local general disruption in the operation of an ROO (radiation hazardous facility), in which there was no release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the envisaged boundaries of equipment, technological systems, buildings and structures in quantities exceeding the values ​​established for the normal operation of the enterprise; violation in the operation of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone and in quantities exceeding those established for the given enterprise; violation in the operation of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products beyond the border of the sanitary protection zone and in quantities leading to radioactive contamination of the adjacent territory and possible exposure of the population living on it above the established standards.

Radioactivity is called the instability of the nuclei of some atoms, which manifests itself in their ability to spontaneously transform (by scientific decay), which is accompanied by the release of ionizing radiation (radiation). The energy of such radiation is large enough, therefore, it is capable of acting on matter, creating new ions of different signs. It is impossible to cause radiation by means of chemical reactions, it is a completely physical process.

There are several types of radiation: Alpha - particles are relatively heavy particles, positively charged, are helium nuclei. Beta particles are ordinary electrons. Gamma radiation is of the same nature as visible light, but with a much greater penetrating power. X-rays are similar to gamma rays but have lower energy. By the way, the Sun is one of the natural sources of such rays, but the Earth's atmosphere provides protection from solar radiation. Neutrons are electrically neutral particles that arise mainly near a working nuclear reactor, access there must be limited.

The most dangerous for humans is Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation, which can lead to serious diseases, genetic disorders and even death. The degree to which radiation affects human health depends on the type of radiation, time and frequency. The consequences of radiation, which can lead to fatal cases, occur both with a single stay at the strongest source of radiation (natural or artificial), and when storing weakly radioactive items at home These can be: antiques precious stones items made of radioactive plastic

Means of radiation prevention 1. Physical activity, bath and sauna accelerate metabolism, stimulate blood circulation and, therefore, contribute to the elimination of any harmful substances from the body in a natural way. 2. Healthy eating special attention should be paid to vegetables and fruits, rich in antioxidants (this is the diet prescribed for cancer patients after chemotherapy). Whole "deposits" of antioxidants are found in blueberries, cranberries, grapes, mountain ash, currants, beets, pomegranates and other sour and sweet-sour fruits of red shades.

Units of Measurement of Radioactivity Radioactivity is measured in Becquerels (BC), which corresponds to one decay per second. The content of radioactivity in a substance is also often estimated per unit of weight Bq / kg, or volume Bq / cubic meter. m. Sometimes there is such a unit as Curie (Ki). This is a huge amount, equal to 37 billion Bq. When a substance decays, the source emits ionizing radiation, the measure of which is the exposure dose. It is measured in Roentgens (R). 1 The X-ray value is quite large, therefore, in practice, the millionth (μR) or thousandth (mR) fraction of the X-ray is used. Household dosimeters measure ionization over a certain time, that is, not the exposure dose itself, but its power. The unit of measurement is micro-roentgen per hour. It is this indicator that is most important for a person, since it allows one to assess the danger of a particular source of radiation.

A varii

at radiation hazardous facilities

Performed:

Shumskaya Anna Eduardovna

OBZH and technology teacher

NIGHT "Orthodox Classical Gymnasium" Ark "

Moscow region, Shchelkovsky district, Dushonovo village

Nuclear power plant (NPP)

• Nuclear power plants (nuclear power plants (NPP), nuclear combined heat and power plants (NPP), nuclear heat supply stations (ATS)

In the Russian Federation, eight out of ten operate

• Obninsk (Kaluga region).

2.Leningrad.

3.Kurskaya.

4. Smolensk.

5. Kalininskaya.

6.Novovoronezhskaya.

7. Balaklava (Saratov region).

8. Rostovskaya.

These objects include:

Plants for the reprocessing or manufacture of nuclear fuel

Today, SNF reprocessing plants operate only in four countries of the world - Russia, France, Great Britain and Japan.

The only operating plant in Russia - RT-1 at PA Mayak - has a design capacity of 400 tons of spent nuclear fuel per year, although now its loading does not exceed 150 tons per year.

These objects include:

research and design organizations

These objects include:

Enterprises and places for the disposal of radioactive waste

These objects include:

nuclear power plants in transport.

Nuclear icebreaker "Russia"

Nuclear submarine "Nerpa"

These objects include:

Nuclear ammunition and warehouses for their storage

In the event of an accident at radioactive waste, exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of people may occur,

farm animals and plants,

as well as the natural environment.

Radiation sickness occurs when exposed to

the body of ionizing radiation in doses exceeding-

the maximum permissible.

Acute radiation sickness of mild (I) degree develops with short-term irradiation of the whole body in a dose exceeding 100 rem. It is accompanied by dizziness, rarely nausea, and is noted 2-3 hours after exposure.

Acute radiation sickness (II) degree develops when exposed to ionizing radiation in a dose of 200 to 400 rem. The primary reaction (headache, nausea, sometimes, sometimes vomiting) occurs in 1-2 hours.

Acute radiation sickness of severe (III) degree develops when exposed to ionizing radiation in a dose of 400 to 600 rem. The primary reaction occurs after 30-60 minutes and is pronounced (repeated vomiting, fever, headache).

Radiation sickness occurs when the body is exposed to ionizing radiation in doses exceeding the maximum permissible.

At present, the consequences of a single exposure to a person are well studied and several degrees of radiation damage have been identified.

Consequences of a single total exposure

Dose, rem

Consequences

Absence of clinical symptoms

Minor discomfort that usually goes away quickly

Mild radiation sickness

Average degree of radiation sickness

Severe radiation sickness

Death occurs in most cases

Radiation accidents are classified into 3 types

local

local

general

violation in the operation of the ROO (radiation hazardous object), in which there was no release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the specified boundaries of equipment, technological systems, buildings and structures in quantities exceeding the values ​​established for the normal operation of the enterprise;

violation in the operation of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone and in quantities exceeding those established for the given enterprise;

violation in the operation of the ROO, in which there was a release of radioactive products beyond the border of the sanitary protection zone and in quantities leading to radioactive contamination of the adjacent territory and possible exposure of the population living on it above the established standards.

There are several types of radiation:

X-rays - Similar to gamma rays, but with lower energy. By the way, the Sun is one of the natural sources of such rays, but the Earth's atmosphere provides protection from solar radiation.

Alpha particles are relatively heavy, positively charged particles that are helium nuclei.

Beta particles are ordinary electrons.

Neutrons are electrically neutral particles that arise mainly near a working nuclear reactor, access there must be limited.

Gamma radiation - has the same nature as visible light, but much more penetrating power.

The most dangerous for humans is Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation, which can lead to serious diseases, genetic disorders and even death.

The degree to which radiation affects human health depends on the type of radiation, time and frequency.

The consequences of radiation, which can lead to fatal cases, occur both with a single stay at the strongest radiation source (natural or artificial), and when storing weakly radioactive items at home

It can be:

antiques

gems

radioactive plastic products

Movement through radioactive contaminated terrain

When driving through radioactively contaminated terrain, it is necessary

• be in personal protective equipment of the respiratory system and skin;
• do not sit down unnecessarily and do not touch local objects;
• avoid driving on tall grass and bushes;
• do not eat, drink, or smoke;
• do not raise dust or place things on the ground.

Being in the zone of radioactive contamination, a person is irradiated and as a result he may develop radiation sickness.

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