Religion as one of the forms of culture. Religion as one of the forms of culture Bochkareva T.N., teacher of history and social studies. Explain one of your findings

Religion is one of the most ancient forms of culture, having a huge impact on all other forms of culture. Religion (from Latin religare - to bind) is a person's striving for life in unity with supernatural forces (God, the Absolute), embodying the highest perfection, power and the meaning of life.

Religion is based on faith, it is expressed in the worldview, attitude, cult (worship of the deity) and in various forms of uniting believers (church, community, etc.).

There are various preconditions (roots) of religion:

Gnoseological, associated with the limited cognitive capabilities of a person, his inability to explain any facts and phenomena of reality;

· Psychological, associated with the psychological conditions of human existence (psychological problems, fear, anxiety);

· Sociocultural, associated with the social conditions of people's life (for example, the ruling classes are interested in the religiosity of the lower classes, as this helps them to defend their interests);

· Anthropological, due to the characteristics of a person as a special, unique natural creature (for example, a person's desire for the transcendental).

Functions of religion:

¨ mand the visual function: any religion expresses a certain view of the world, person, society; answers the "ultimate" questions of human existence; the problems that it solves are ideological, meaningful;

¨ ToOmpension function: religion compensates for the limitations, dependence, powerlessness of people. Psychologically, compensation is consolation, hope and pleasure, stress relief;

¨ ToOmmatnegative function realized in communication a) believers with each other; b) believers with God, angels, souls of the dead, saints, etc .;

¨ ReGstI amTeve function: with the help of certain ideas, values,

attitudes, norms, religion influences the behavior of people, groups, communities;

¨ integrating-disintegrating function: religion unites people who adhere to the same faith, creating a single value system; but it also divides people of different religious beliefs;

¨ TostbTatRbut-broadcasting function: religion contributed to the development of writing, printing, art, and therefore contributed to the accumulation and transmission of cultural heritage from generation to generation;

¨ leGde-legitimizing function: religion gives the status of legitimacy to institutions, norms, models, or, conversely, asserts their illegality.

Typologies of religions

Depending on people's ideas about God, religions are divided into:

1) monotheistic (belief in one God);

2) polytheistic (pagan religions, oriental cults - belief in many gods);

3) philosophical teachings transformed into religion (Buddhism,

Confucianism).

By prevalence:

1) world religions (Islam, Buddhism, Christianity);

2) local, national religions (characteristic of one people or region - Judaism, Shintoism, Taoism).

National, local religions are religions that have not gone beyond one country or region.

Hinduism is a historical and cultural tradition of the peoples of India. There are now over 750 million followers of Hinduism.

Religious ideas of Indians have become more complex over time, from simple anthropomorphic they have evolved to more abstract, views. So

the religious and philosophical system of Brahmanism was formed. Its origins date back to the 10th - 7th centuries. BC. What does the religious-philosophical system of Brahmanism include? According to the Samkhya, there are two actively intertwined principles - prakriti (matter and energy) and purusha (here, in contrast to the first man of the Rig Veda, it is a spiritual principle). The relationship between purusha and prakriti is the root cause of the emergence and existence of the entire phenomenal world.

Doacism. The formation of Taoism in China dates back to the beginning of the Han era (VI century BC), its development and strengthening proceeded in parallel with the spread of Confucianism. Doacism and Confucianism constituted two interrelated religious and philosophical trends in the spiritual life of Chinese society. Lao Tzu is recognized as the founder of the philosophical and religious doctrine of pre-Hesism. Researchers suggest that this is a mythological person. This teaching is based on the categories of Tao and Te that are fundamental to all classical Chinese thought. Tao (literally - the path) is the Great Law and the Absolute at the same time. Usually Taoists talk about two Taos. "Nameless Tao" creates the universe,

The "Named Tao" creates concrete things. Tao is inextricably linked with Te (grace). Te is an emanation (outflow) of Tao. We can say that Tao and Te correlate as generative and generated principles. "Tao gives birth to things, Te feeds them, brings them up, makes them mature, looks after them." ("Tao Te Ching", No. 51).

Confucianism is the basis of the spiritual and religious life of China. It originated in the VI century. BC. The combination of religiosity and rationalism in Confucianism allowed this confession to play the role of a spiritual and ideological regulator of Chinese social life. The creator of this teaching is Confucius. In Confucianism, the cult of ancestors occupies a significant place. The common thread runs through the idea of ​​honoring the traditions that developed in antiquity. In this case, they act as a ritual, a kind of canonical code of conduct.

Shintoism. Shinto (literally - the path of the gods) is the national religion of the Japanese people. Already in the I-III centuries. AD in Japan, there were objects of worship and rituals characteristic of Shinto. Shinto is tolerant of other religions, fully allowing the worship of both "own" and other gods at the same time. In practice, the purpose and meaning of Shinto is to assert the identity of the ancient history of Japan and the divine origin of the Japanese people. Shinto contains the idea of ​​the blood unity of the Japanese and the idea of ​​the divinity of political power, which united the people into one family, a single state.

Judaism is the first monotheistic religion. Judaism is sometimes called the religion of Moses, after the spiritual and political leader of the Jews. In the religious consciousness of the Jews, Yahweh takes on the image of the Creator of the world, the bearer of all that exists and

patron saint of Jews - "the chosen people". Torah and Talmud - "holy books"

World religions - these religions have gone beyond one country and covered many countries.

Buddhism is a world religion. Arose in the VI century. BC. The founder of this teaching is Buddha Gautama. Philosophical foundations of Buddhism: there is no idea of ​​God - the creator of the universe and the foreman of world events. Real things and events are considered in Buddhism to be a manifestation of a huge number of dharmas - peculiar elements of the psychophysical world. In Buddhism, there are five basic requirements: do not kill any living creature, do not take someone else's, do not lie, do not commit adultery, do not drink intoxicating drinks.

Christianity is a world religion, arose among the Jews in the 1st century. AD The founder of Christian teaching is Jesus Christ. There are three confessions in Christianity: Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism.

1. Orthodoxy. In the interpretation of the doctrine of the Trinity, the main attention is paid to God the Father, and only from him is the procession of the Holy Spirit recognized. The traditions of the seven sacraments are observed. The main rituals of the cult: prayers, the sign of the cross, uncovering the head in front of the icon, kneeling, listening to teachings, participating in the service. The main holiday of Orthodoxy is Easter.

2. Catholicism (translated from gr. - ecumenical). The dogma of Catholicism, in many respects close to Orthodoxy, has some peculiarities. A peculiar understanding of the Trinity was established in Catholicism: the procession of the Holy Spirit is recognized not only from God the Father, but also from God the Son ("filioque"). Hence the increased attention to the human way of Jesus, the main holiday is Christmas, the main symbol is the crucifixion. This understanding of the triune essence of God laid in Catholicism a huge humanistic potential, which is manifested, in particular, in the sublime veneration of the Virgin Mary.

3. Protestantism. In the XVI century. Europe was swept by the Reformation - a movement for the transformation of the church in the spirit of the gospel ideals. Protestantism orients a person towards personal communication with God. Hence the right of every person to read and discuss the Bible. The main services are Bible reading, sermon, individual and collective prayers, and singing of religious hymns. The cult of the Mother of God, saints, icons and relics was rejected.

Islam is a world religion. Translated from Arabic "Islam" means obedience. Islam arose in the 7th century. AD The merchant Muhammad is the founder of Islam. The Koran and Sunnah are the "holy books" of Muslims. In Islam, five religious rules of faith are recognized: ash - shahada - confession of faith; as - salad (namaz) - prayer; as - saum

Fast; az - zakat - tax in favor of the poor; Hajj - pilgrimage.

The reasons for the emergence and features of the functioning of religion in

society. The role of religion in the modern world. Religion and morality. Religion and Science. The variety of religions. World religions.

Religion(Latin religae - to bind) - it is a system of teachings, beliefs and cult actions associated with the union of a person with a supernatural and sacred being, called God or the Absolute, the Creator of everything that exists on Earth and governing the thoughts and actions of people.

The essence of religion is Faith in God. And as the Gospel says: "Faith is the fulfillment of the expected and confidence in the invisible" ... She realizes herself:

- in cult (veneration of the deity by a system of established rituals and ceremonies);

- in associations of believers (church, religious community);

- in the worldview, worldview of believers.

The origin of religion is associated with the dependence of man on the natural forces around him, with the impossibility of the ancient man rationally subordinate and take control of the conditions of his being. Since the inception of human society, religion has been a kind of means of protecting people from natural disasters, in many ways contributing to the processes of knowledge and awareness of society.

The role of religion in society is characterized by the presence of functions , among which stand out:

- ideological , creating a religious picture of the world and explaining nature, society and man from the point of view of religious understanding. The religious worldview forms the purpose and meaning of their being for believers;

- compensatory , relieving social and mental stress, helping a person to overcome the state of powerlessness, weakness, suffering, illness. Thus, the disunity of people is replaced by brotherhood in Christ in the community, and the actual powerlessness of a person is compensated by the omnipotence of God;

- educational , preaching high moral values ​​and norms and calling a person to decent behavior. As a normative system, religion in a certain way orders the thoughts and actions of people and thereby regulates their behavior in society;

- communicative , contributing to the rapprochement and communication of believers both among themselves and with God and with the ministers of the cult.

Religious culture is an integral part of the general culture, formed from the religious needs of people and designed to satisfy them. Religious culture includes:

Religious morality;

Religious philosophy;

Religious art;

Religious educational and educational institutions (seminaries, Sunday schools, libraries, etc.).

At the end of the 20th century, the positions of religion and the church in the world have significantly strengthened. This is due to those social upheavals (revolutions, world and regional wars, acts of brutal terrorism, the consequences of scientific and technological revolution, ill-conceived reforms, etc.) that humanity has endured, revealing all the fragility of its existence. People tired of social disasters seek peace of mind in God , in the church, in the religious faith. And religion helps a person to find:

Peace of mind and independence from external circumstances;

The inner completeness of your own life.

However, in modern religious activity there is a significant share of fanaticism and extremism, rejection of dissidents and non-believers. All this by no means contributes to the consolidation of people, but, on the contrary, stimulates their aggressiveness, pushing them towards separation and confrontation (for example, the activities of Islamic fundamentalists).

Religion is inextricably linked with morality , embodied in the values ​​and norms that govern human life. Faith inspires to serve the Good, which lies beyond the limits of practical calculation and immediate expediency, gives a person strength for this service. It is in religious thought that the thesis about the moral significance of every human person, about the universal human nature of moral and ethical values ​​is persistently repeated. In addition, the emotional and sensory sphere of people occupies a significant place both in religion and in morality.

Historically, the relationship between religion and Sciences were very contradictory. If science in its comprehension of the world is guided by reason and rational knowledge, then religion tries to explain the world based on intuition, sensory knowledge and faith. At the same time, faith and reason are not mutually exclusive ways of knowing. On the contrary, uniting in a person, they become the basis of his spiritual life and contribute, in the full sense of the word, to the cultural development of mankind.

Religion comes in many forms. The most famous original forms of religion were:

- totemism (English, totem from the language of the Indians meaning "his kind") - worship of a clan, tribe - an animal, plant, object or natural phenomenon, which is considered to be its ancestor;

- animism (Latin anima - soul) - belief in the existence of spirits, in the presence of an independent soul in people, animals, plants;

- fetishism (French fetiche - amulet) - belief in the supernatural properties of special objects;

- magic(Greek mageia - magic) - belief in the effectiveness of special rituals on the surrounding reality in order to change it (it can be love, harmful, agricultural, etc.).

In addition to the preservation of early religious forms today, confessions national religions:

- Judaism (a religion widespread among Jews; arose at the end of the 2nd millennium BC);

- Hinduism (the religion most significant in modern India; originated in the 5th century AD);

- Confucianism (one of the religions of China, developed in the 5th century BC);

- Shintoism (the medieval religion of the Japanese; from 1868 to 1945 - the state religion of Japan), etc.

National religions are largely associated with a particular people, ethnos, nation. The reasons for this kind of national isolation can be geopolitical conditions, a pronounced ethnic identity of culture.

Among the variety of religions, there are fundamental ones, called world ones. There are in the world three world religions : Buddhism, Christianity, Islam.

Buddhism- the earliest world religion in time of creation (includes two main directions: Hinayana and Mahayana). Buddhism emerged in the 6th century. BC e. in India and is named after its legendary founder - the prince Sidhartha Gautama (623-544 BC) , who later received the name Buddha(enlightened). According to Buddhism, everything in the world is impermanent, transient, and therefore full of sorrow and dissatisfaction. The central idea of ​​this religion is the doctrine of the four good-Kindred truths :

- the truth of suffering existing throughout life;

- the truth about the causes of suffering that occur due to the selfish desires of a person;

- the truth of liberation from suffering which consists in liberation from desires, one's own "I" and life itself;

- the truth of the only way to end suffering Is a noble eightfold path, consisting of eight steps.

Having passed this path, a person reaches nirvana (Skt. - extinction, cooling) - that is, complete detachment from the outside world, the absence of any desires. One of the most important commandments of Buddhism - principle of nonviolence , love and mercy for all living beings: people and animals. The main Buddhist ritual is meditation replacing prayer. While meditating, a person moves away from the external world, concentrates and plunges into his Self and unites with the spiritual world.

Christianity arose in the 1st century. in Palestine. The founder of Christianity is considered Jesus Christ who was martyred for the happiness of mankind. The foundations of the Christian faith are laid out in the Bible. The main ones are:

The concept of the sinfulness of a person as the cause of all his misfortunes;

The idea of ​​atonement for sins through courage, strict life (asceticism), an example here is Jesus Christ, who by his death on the cross atoned for the ancient "original" sin of mankind;

Teaching about the deliverance of a person from sins through prayer and repentance;

Faith in the afterlife reward for the human soul (the righteous will go to Paradise, the sinner - to Hell);

The idea of ​​human life as patient, humble, forgiving, etc.

In the XI century, Christianity split into two independent directions: Orthodoxy and Catholicism ... In the 16th century, the widespread anti-Catholic movement in Europe - Reformation - contributes to the emergence of the third main direction of Christianity - Protestantism ... In turn, each denomination has different directions, trends, sects.

Islam, islam(Arabic - obedience) - the third world religion, (has two main directions: Sunnism and Shiism), arose in the 7th century in Arabia. The founder of Islam is considered Muhammad , which, according to legend Allah (God) chose as his prophet. The creed of Islam is set out in The Qur'an ... Five basic tenets are formed here:

Monotheism (there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet);

Pray (perform namaz) five times a day;

Observe the fast (uraz);

Make a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, at least once in a lifetime;

Give alms (zakat).

Islam transfers the search for human happiness to heaven and consolidates the inseparability of spiritual and secular power, politics and the state.

The emergence of world religions is the result of a long development of economic, political and cultural ties between different countries and peoples. Despite the difference in the systems of explaining the world, all world religions offer believers practically a common code of conduct which basically can be reduced to the ten Mosaic commandments.

The world religions had a lot in common, which allowed them to cross national borders and spread quite widely across the globe.

Social studies lesson in grade 8 on the topic:
"Religion as one of the forms of culture."
The meaning of faith is to settle on
heaven, but to settle
heaven in itself.
T. Hardy (English writer).
Lesson type: learning new material.
Target: Show religion as a set of spiritual concepts based on belief in the existence of God. The role of religion in the life of society.
Presentation: World religions.
Students should know:
1.What is religion.
2. What is characteristic of religious faith.
3. What is the significance of religion in the life of society.
4. The main types of religious organizations.
5. What is the principle of freedom of conscience.
Students need to understand what it is:
1.Religion.
2. Religious belief
3. Rituals, prayer.
4. Church, sect.
5. Dogmas. Cult.
6. Atheism.
7. Freedom of conscience.
Lesson plan:
1. Questioning homework using tests.
2. Explanation of the new material:
a) features of religious faith;
b) the role of religion in the life of society;
c) religious organizations and associations.
d) freedom of conscience, freedom of religion.
3. Viewing the presentation.
4. Working with new concepts.
5. Consolidation of the studied material.
6. Summing up.

During the classes.
1. Survey of homework on the topic "Science in modern society" with using tests.
Test questions:
- What is science.
- What is an important aesthetic problem for scientists?
- What people are usually called scientists.
- What is a "technopark".
- Elements of modern scientific knowledge.
Highlight correct judgments:
-on ethical problems in science;
- the correctness of judgments about science;
- judgments about the role of technoparks;
- judgments about modern science;
Highlight the terms associated with the concept of "scientific knowledge".

2. Explanation of the new material.
Table: "Religion, its types and functions."
Religion - it is a worldview and attitude, as well as appropriate behavior based on belief in the existence of God or gods. Supernatural.

2. Questions to the class.
Remember:
- What is religion?
- When did the first religions appear?
- What modern religions have the largest number of believers?
Think:
- Why does a person believe in the influence of supernatural forces on his life and the development of society?
- Why does the active development of science and the dissemination of scientific knowledge not reduce the number of believers?
2 .a. Independent work with the text of the textbook and the answer to the question: "What are the features of religious faith?"
An approximate answer to the question:

1. Any religion is associated with faith.
2. Religious faith is always associated with the belief in the presence of supernatural forces that affect the fate of a person and society.
3. A religious person is convinced of the reality of contact with God, that God influences the fate of individuals and nations.
4. A person communicates with God through prayers and rituals.
Questions:
- What is faith?
- How do we understand religious faith?
- What does supernatural mean?
- What are rituals?
- What is prayer?
Answers:
1. Faith is a person's personal attitude to any information that he is ready to recognize as true without evidence and justification.
2. Religious faith is the feelings of a person. Manifested in relation to God (or other forces).
3. The supernatural, according to the conviction of religious people, does not obey the laws of the surrounding world, but at the same time does not belong to the realm of fantasy.
4. Rituals - certain actions filled with religious meaning and reflect the ideas of religion.
5. Prayer is a verbal appeal to God.
2.b. Table: "The role of religion in the life of society."

2.c... Religious organizations and associations.
The Church is a religious organization that embodies religious values ​​and attitudes in its activities. It unites the followers of the religious doctrine, who jointly conduct divine services.

The church divides believers into two "groups."
On the clergy (clergy) who occupy a different position in the church hierarchy. Have official leaders, for example, the Pope (Catholic Church), Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (Orthodox Church).
There is also a certain territorial structure, for example, dioceses headed by archbishops and bishops. Any church develops dogmas i.e. immutable foundations of the doctrine.
Another part of the believers are laymen (ordinary believers).
A sect is an organization that has moved away from the church and opposes itself to the rest of the believers. They have no division into laity and clergy. The number of participants is limited. They believe in their exclusivity and promote intolerance of dissent. They try to leave worldly life and tightly control their adherents, depriving them of their property. Freedom to think, communicate and create. This is the danger of the sect.
In modern Russia, many religious communities are prohibited and are not officially registered.
2.d. What is the principle of freedom of conscience?
Conscience is an internal controller of human behavior, evaluating actions from the standpoint of good and evil.
Freedom of conscience is understood as the right of a person to independently form their convictions without harming others. These beliefs can relate to different areas of human life: religion, labor, creativity, the state, attitude towards people.

Freedom of religion is the right to choose which religion to profess or to give up religion, embarking on the path of atheism.

Representatives of many common religions in the world live in the Russian Federation.
Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and others.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the principle of freedom of religion is implemented in accordance with the norms of international law.
* All religions are equal.
* The state guarantees the ability to freely practice your cult.
* The church is separated from the state.
* The legislation provides for equal access to education for representatives of all religions.
3. View presentation.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
Answers to the questions of the textbook "Test yourself" p.81.
Answers to questions number 2, 3 of the textbook "In the classroom and at home" p.82
5. Summarizing.
- What is religion?
- What is the role of religion in modern society?
- How do you understand the epigraph to the lesson?
Homework.

Methodological development is intended both for conducting a lesson Social studies on the topic "Religion as one of the forms of culture" can also be used to conduct a class hour to help the class teacher. The purpose of writing this methodological development: to assist in the selection of materials and their systematization, the proposal of photographs and reproductions, the course of the lesson and slides.

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METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

social studies lesson

Topic: "Religion as one of the forms of culture"

Developed by:

Teacher Orlova T.I.

2013

The methodological development is intended both for conducting a Social Studies lesson on the topic "Religion as one of the forms of culture" can also be used to conduct a class hour to help the class teacher. The purpose of writing this methodological development: to assist in the selection of materials and their systematization, the proposal of photographs and reproductions, the course of the lesson and slides.

Computer set: Orlova T.I.

Introduction.

Main part.

Conclusion.

Literature.

Appendix.

Introduction.

Within the framework of the discipline "Social Studies" one of the topics of the section of the spiritual sphere of society is studied the topic "Religion", in our modern society the state attaches no unimportant importance to this topic. This is due to the fact that there is not a single country, not a single civilization where religion has not left its visible and beautiful traces. Many monuments, according to the decision of UNESCO, are global: St. Basil's Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral, Notre Dame Cathedral, domes of churches directed into the sky, etc. solemn spiritual chant, the beauty of icons and Buddhist temples ... this is the material manifestation of religion generally accepted by mankind.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that the young, younger generation, in search of truth, often turn to the sources of religion, looking for the meaning of their existence. It is an acquaintance with the basics of religious trends that can help in overcoming life's hardships and troubles. The true essence of religion can be grasped by a person himself, in contact with the spiritual wealth of religion. Religion has always reflected social relations, therefore, in the most difficult and tragic periods of history in different states, there is a sharp surge of interest in religion.

It is necessary to convey the role of religion in the life of society and individuals in social studies lessons and at extracurricular activities.

The purpose of writing a methodological development is to assist the teacher in conducting a lesson on the topic "religion as one of the forms of culture", based on systematized and selected material. Accompanied by slides.

Religion as a form of culture

... There is God, there is the world, they live forever,

And people's lives are instant and wretched,

BUT EVERYTHING IN HIMSELF IS A MAN

Who loves the world and believes in God.

N. Gumilyov

(slide number 1)

Lesson type : lesson - research with elements of project activities and

using multimedia presentation technology.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

• Define the role of religion as one of the forms of culture.
• Study the foundations of beliefs in world religions, their similarities and differences
• Teach students to analyze and summarize the information received, draw up projects and presentations on the topic of the lesson.

Educational:

• To bring students to an understanding of the importance of religion in modern society, as one of the forms of culture and a source of moral development of a person and society as a whole.
• To form an attitude towards religion, religious consciousness, a tolerant attitude towards representatives of various religious confessions.

Developing:

• To contribute to the formation of the ability and skills of students to work with different sources, literature and the Microsoft Office Power Point computer program.
• Shape abilityto the visual and verbal perception of the lesson materials.

Lesson Objectives:

• Introduce students to the essence of religion.
• Show the signs of religious consciousness, the role of religion in the life of society, the main ideas of each of the world religions.
• Explain the essence of the principle of freedom of conscience.

Basic concepts of the lesson:Religion, monotheism, polytheism, animism, fetishism, totemism, world religions, faith, religious cult, church, sects, freedom of conscience.

Equipment: multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard or screen

(for slideshow), laptop.

Methods:

Explanatory and illustrative:

* lecture;

*presentation;

* books (visual aids)

Research method:

* execution of a report or presentation on a topic with a problem statement and analysis of the material.

Preparation for the lesson:

1. Create a multimedia presentation "Religion as one of the forms of culture."
2. Students are invited to prepare projects "World Religions" in the form of a report or presentation.

During the classes

Organizing time: (checking attendees and preparing for slideshow presentation 5-15 minutes)

Lecture.

One of the oldest forms of culture is religion. The path of the church in our country was difficult and thorny. Today the interest in religion is extremely high. We are witnessing how the leaders of our state are building their relations with representatives of various religious confessions, using the potential of religion in the revival of the spiritual and moral values ​​of the nation.

The teacher introduces the topic of the lesson and explains the goals.

The topic of our lesson is "Religion as one of the forms of culture." We will get acquainted and repeat what world religions exist and develop in the world. Let's study the basics of beliefs in world religions, their similarities and differences. We will try to summarize the information and review the prepared presentations and listen to the reports. (homework)

(1 minute)

(Slide number 2)

2. Motivation.

The teacher explains about spiritual culture in the life of modern society.

Lecture.

Spiritual culture is understood as a "second nature" created by man, built on top of the first, natural, nature, as a world created by man. It covers the entire totality of the achievements of society in material and spiritual life. Spiritual culture includes knowledge, beliefs, convictions, spiritual values, ideology, morality, language, laws, traditions, customs achieved and assimilated by people. Spiritual culture characterizes the inner wealth of consciousness, the degree of development of the person himself.

(1 minute)

3. Updating basic knowledge on the topic "Religion".

Students are invited to recall the knowledge on the topic "Religion" received at school.

1. What is religion?
2. Describe the early forms of religion? (totemism, magic, fetishism, animism)
3. What is the difference between the early forms of religion and the world?
4. What religions can you remember?

(10 minutes)

1. Formation of new knowledge.

Lecture.

Religion is one of the most ancient and basic (along with science, education, culture) forms of spiritual culture. In modern science, the definition of religion is popular, based on the recognition of faith in God as the basis of it ("religion is faith in God"). Along with it, other approaches to understanding the essence of religion are widespread: religion is a system of views, which are based on the concept of the sacred, holy; religion is one of the characteristic forms of culture of human adaptation to the world around him, the satisfaction of his spiritual needs.

(Slide number 3).

The core of religion is faith, it is in it that the most important features are found that determine the place of religion in the relationship between man and the world.

FAITH is a property of human consciousness, which manifests itself not only in religious, but also in other forms of consciousness.

Religious faith consists of:
1) faith itself, that is, beliefs in the truth of the foundations of religious teaching;
2) knowledge of the most essential provisions of the doctrine;
3) recognition and adherence to the norms of morality contained in the religious requirements for a person;
4) compliance with the norms and requirements for a person's daily life.

Elements of the structure of religion and levels of religious consciousness are presented on the slides.
There are various types of religion: monotheistic (based on belief in one God) and polytheistic (professing polytheism), ritual (with an emphasis on performing certain cult actions) and salvation religions (recognizing the main beliefs, ideas about the world and man, their posthumous fate), national (associated with a particular people or peoples) and world (not recognizing national differences).

(Slide number 4)

The national religions include Shinto (among the Japanese), Confucianism (among the Chinese), and Judaism (among the Jews). The main world religions in the modern world are Christianity (arose at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD), Islam (arose in the 7th century AD), Buddhism (arose in the middle of the 1st millennium BC).
The largest religions today are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.
The following data indicate the role of world religions in the modern world.
1. The vast majority of people living on Earth are adherents of one of the existing world religions.
2. In many countries of the world, religious associations are separated from the state. Nevertheless, the influence of religion on the political life of modern society remains significant.

(Slide number 5).

A number of states recognize one of the religions as state and compulsory.
3. Religion as a form of culture is one of the most important sources of moral values ​​and norms, regulates the daily life of people, keeps the principles of universal human morality. The role of religion in the revival and augmentation of cultural heritage, familiarizing people with it is invaluable.

4. Unfortunately, religious contradictions continue to be the source and breeding ground of bloody conflicts, terrorism, and stand of separation and confrontation. Religious fanaticism is destructive, it opposes culture, universal human spiritual values, and human interests.
Now your classmates will acquaint you in more detail with the peculiarities of world religions. (lecture with short notes - 20 minutes)

There is a presentation of projects and presentations of students.

(time 15-20 minutes)

Lecture.

One of the fundamental human rights in the modern world is the right to freedom of conscience.

(Slide number 6).

According to Article 28 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, "everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion or not to profess any religion, freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them."
Freedom of conscience, therefore, leaves a person with a choice between religious belief and atheism, which denies the existence of God, any supernatural forces and religion.

(Slide number 7)

5. Consolidation and generalization:

We answer the questions:

1. Why are Christianity, Islam and Buddhism named world religions?
2. What are the common features of the considered religions?
3. What are the differences between them?
4. What is “freedom of conscience”, what does it mean for citizens of democratic states?

6. Lesson summary

It is proposed to independently draw a conclusion based on the materials of the lesson.

Homework (on the board)

1. Section 4.4, p. 128-137, textbook Vazhenin A.G., Social Science: -4- ed. - M .: "Academy", 2007;
2. Paragraph 6.5., P. 275-282, Borovik V.S., Social Science.-M .: "Academy"., 2006
3. Make a detailed plan

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