Which cities are ecologically clean. Top cleanest cities in russia

Many of our compatriots are thinking about where they can move to live inside the country. Rankings that show the advantages and disadvantages of individual cities can help them make their choice. How are they compiled? What is taken into account in this case? Which cities in Russia are at the top of the ratings in certain categories?

Features of cities and regions of Russia

The ecological, climatic and economic conditions in different parts of our country differ markedly. How to determine which Russian cities and regions are favorable for moving to permanent residence? Based on public opinion polls and statistics, ratings are compiled that should help to understand this issue. Many media outlets are engaged in such research, but the ratings compiled by such organizations as the Department of Sociology of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation and the Center for Strategic Research of Rosgosstrakh are most authoritative. The data source is the Federal State Statistics Service. There are many criteria by which the situation in each city and region is assessed.

Where to move to live better if the environmental factor is important to you

Human health is highly dependent on the state of the environment. Toxic waste that contaminates air, water and soil can cause serious illness and even premature death. The presence of environmental problems is especially dangerous for pregnant women and children. Various congenital pathologies are the result of exposure to the human body of toxic emissions.

There are three factors that determine the state of the environment:

• industrial waste;
• exhaust gases from cars;
• geographic location.

Businesses in industrial cities and a large amount of transport in metropolitan areas are the main sources of pollution. In addition, the concentration of toxic substances depends on the geographic location. If the city is located between hills, the air currents do not sufficiently blow through its territory. In this case, the concentration of harmful emissions increases many times.

1. Pskov;
2. Smolensk;
3. Murmansk;
4. Nizhnevartovsk;
5. Sochi.

The air is fresh, the city is small and therefore not very polluted. If you are tired of the bustle of the city, gases and cars, then I suggest you go to Pskov.

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The purity of the atmosphere in this city is maintained thanks to the coniferous forests located around it. Another positive factor is the many green spaces in the park areas of Pskov.

It is also worth paying attention to the opposite rating, which determines the most environmentally polluted cities in Russia. When choosing a place for permanent residence, it is important to know in which cities the severe environmental situation poses the greatest health risk. The environmental anti-rating is as follows:

1. Norilsk;
2. Moscow;
3. Saint Petersburg;
4. Cherepovets (Vologda region);
5. Asbestos (Sverdlovsk region).

It is easy to see that this list includes megalopolises and cities in which large industrial enterprises are located. For example, the Severstal metallurgical plant is located in Cherepovets.

Medical service

An integral part of a fulfilling life is the opportunity to receive quality medical services. Life expectancy directly depends on this factor. Assessment of the level of medical service is based on surveys of residents: how satisfied they are with the availability and professionalism of treatment. As additional indicators, the mortality rate among people of retirement age and the percentage of people with incomes below the average who seek paid medical services are used. Rating of Russian cities with the highest level of healthcare:

1. Moscow;
2. Saint Petersburg;
3. Naberezhnye Chelny;
4. Tyumen.

It is important to remember that cardiac problems are a common cause of disability and premature death. Timely diagnosis and highly professional treatment can stop the development of cardiovascular diseases. People suffering from such ailments should pay attention to the presence of cardiology clinics in the city or region to which they plan to move. These hospitals must meet modern standards. A large number of clinics providing high-quality treatment of vascular and heart diseases are concentrated in Moscow, however, there are high-tech cardio centers in other Russian cities. For example, the Tyumen Cardiological Research Center, the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Circulatory Pathology named after Academician E.N. Meshalkin and the V.A. Almazov in St. Petersburg.

Standard of living

In Russia, Moscow and the regions of Siberia and the Far East, where large oil and gas fields are located, are leading in terms of income. The rest of the Russian regions lag significantly behind the leaders. This trend has continued for many years. Rating of the average monthly income of working citizens in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2018:

1. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (73091.7 rubles);
2. Moscow (70220.8 rubles);
3. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (64097.55 rubles);
4. Nenets Autonomous District (61,592.85 rubles);
5. Chukotka Autonomous District (58,063.5 rubles).

It is worth noting that in regions rich in hydrocarbon reserves, not only oil and gas workers receive high wages. For example, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which occupies the first line of the rating, the average monthly income of a school teacher is about 60 thousand rubles.

The leaders of the all-Russian list simultaneously top the rankings of the level of income in the Central, Ural, North-Western and Far Eastern federal districts. To complete the picture, it is worth comparing the average earnings of residents by federal districts:

1. Central Federal District (45312.3 rubles);
2. Northwestern, Ural, Far Eastern federal districts (40530.6 rubles);
3. Siberian Federal District (31,081.05 rubles);
4. Southern, Volga Federal Districts (25957.8 rubles).

The average statistical value of wages characterizes only one aspect of the standard of living. Another important aspect that should not be overlooked is the cost of living and price levels. Such an indicator as the affordability of housing will help to understand this issue. Ranking of cities with the highest price per square meter of housing:

1. Moscow (202269 p.);
2. St. Petersburg (110,114 rubles);
3. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (104319 p.);
4. Vladivostok (97,576 rubles);
5. Sochi (95467 rubles).

For comparison, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the list of cities with the lowest cost of 1 square meter of housing:

1. Nizhnekamsk (33501 rubles);
2. Novokuznetsk (33935 rubles);
3. Biysk (34558 rubles);
4. Rybinsk (36470 rubles);
5. Cherepovets (36,806 rubles).

Settlements with affordable housing prices are mainly located in the Volga region, the Southern Urals and the Siberian Federal District.

Climate

What climatic conditions are considered the most favorable for human health and life? The positive factors include insignificant day-to-day fluctuations in air temperature and the absence of sudden changes in atmospheric pressure. To strengthen immunity, the human body needs to receive a lot of ultraviolet radiation, this is especially important for children. Therefore, a large number of sunny days per year has a positive effect on human health.

Taking into account the listed criteria, the most comfortable climatic zones for living are the Azov, Black Sea and Caspian coasts. The following cities are located in these zones:

• Krasnodar;
• Sevastopol;
• Novorossiysk;
• Astrakhan;
• Sochi.

Have you ever been to Sochi ?! A wonderful place. Six months summer, six months off-season - green winter. Moved three years ago from Siberia. The climate is excellent, humid and hot for a maximum of two weeks in August.

a guest

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Meteorological people should be careful when choosing a region for permanent residence. Their health is deteriorating not only from magnetic storms. It is affected by sudden changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure. Day-to-day temperature fluctuations up to 1–2 ° C are considered safe for people suffering from meteorological dependence. In the regions listed above, this indicator is kept within these limits.

Employment

For people of working age, the prospect of getting a job in the city they have chosen to move is of critical importance. Employment potential in a city or region can be analyzed using several indicators. First of all, you need to find out what kind of competition exists in the local labor market. The number of applicants per vacancy is an indicator showing how high the competition among applicants for a job is. You should also take into account the number of unemployed people in a given city and the percentage of its residents who want to move to another region for the purpose of employment. All these criteria together will help determine how attractive and promising a given city is for migrants seeking to find a job.

1. Ryazan;
2. Vologda;
3. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;
4. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky;
5. Vladivostok.

The best cities to live in Russia

If you are planning to move to a new place of residence for a long time or permanently, it is wise to opt for a sustainable and promising city. Many Russian cities have significant development potential and offer hope for the future.

Kazan

This city of the Volga region is one of the largest tourist centers in Russia. It attracts about a million tourists every year. The city's industry includes large chemical and aviation enterprises. Kazan is the leader in terms of housing construction in the Volga region.

Krasnoyarsk

The largest economic, educational and sports center in Central and Eastern Siberia. Multiple winner of the "Most Comfortable City of Russia" competition. One of the most attractive Russian cities for investment. The leading sectors of the economy of Krasnoyarsk are non-ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering. The population is growing constantly and rapidly.

Krasnodar

The capital of the most economically powerful region in the south of Russia. Krasnodar has repeatedly topped the ratings of the most favorable Russian cities for doing business. The industrial potential of the region successfully attracts domestic and foreign investors. The industrial complex of Krasnodar consists of many enterprises, which employ about a third of the working-age population. In addition, Krasnodar is an important transport hub.

Video: Krasnodar is one of the most promising cities in Russia

Novosibirsk

The Trans-Siberian Railway runs through Novosibirsk. This city has the largest logistics complex in Siberia. Its economy has a number of important advantages: diversified industry, development of the service sector, transport, logistics and science, the presence of a large number of small and medium-sized businesses. The population of Novosibirsk is growing thanks to migrants from other Russian regions and the CIS countries.

Crime level

A difficult criminal situation makes the city unattractive for migrants, even if according to other criteria it can boast of high rates. The desire to live in a safe place where there is little likelihood of becoming a victim of criminals often outweighs other arguments in favor of choosing a particular settlement. There is a simple way to assess the level of crime - statistical data on the number of crimes committed per 1,000 inhabitants. The safest cities in Russia by this criterion:

1. Ryazan (7.8);
2. Ulyanovsk (11.3);
3. Voronezh (11.5);
4. St. Petersburg (12.0);
5. Penza (12.9).

It is also worth paying attention to the sad list of the most criminal cities in the Russian Federation. Comparing a positive rating with a negative one shows how much the crime rate differs in different cities and regions.

1. Kemerovo (32.2);
2. Kurgan (31.9);
3. Tyumen (30.7);
4. Nizhny Novgorod (27.7);
5. Samara (24.3).

Child development

When choosing a permanent place of residence, families with children should give preference to environmentally friendly cities with high quality medical care. It is also worth inquiring about the availability of educational, sports and entertainment facilities. Cities that have a large number of such institutions and create conditions for the comprehensive development and education of children:

1. Kazan;
2. Belgorod;
3. Rostov-on-Don;
4. Kaliningrad;
5. Voronezh.

In case of moving with small children, it is advisable to avoid sudden changes in climate. If the climatic conditions at the new place of residence and the previous one are not too different, it will be easier for the child's body to endure the move.

Kudos

Undoubtedly, the most prestigious city in Russia is its capital. Many Russians aspire to Moscow, hoping to realize their potential there. But it should be taken into account that other large Russian millionaire cities are gradually developing, improving, and today they are not much inferior to Moscow. Among them, it is worth highlighting St. Petersburg, which is often called the cultural capital of Russia.

It is impossible to select one city or region that meets all the requirements at the same time. For example, a city with a high average monthly wage can be environmentally unfriendly, so the choice of each migrant depends on personal preferences and life circumstances.

The all-Russian public organization "Green Patrol" has published the next "Environmental subjects of the Russian Federation" at the end of spring 2017. The rating has been compiled since 2007, and since 2008 it has been published 4 times a year, at the end of each season.

Below we present the top 10 cleanest regions in Russia.

1. Tambov region

Mineral deposits:

Field "Central" - 887 million cubic meters. m of ilmenite-rutile-zirconium sands with 4% metal content and, possibly, industrial content near the village of Nikolskoye, Rasskazovsky district.

Phosphorites, building materials, mineral paints, peat. The most famous deposits of sand are Tambov, Polkovskoe.

The Tambov region is located in the forest-steppe zone. The soils are typical thick chernozems, in the south - leached, in the north - gray forest soils.

On valleys and gullies - meadow chernozem and peat bog. Forests (the main species are pine, oak, maple, linden, ash, birch, aspen) occupy about 10% of the territory.

The wolf, elk, wild boar, hare, fox, ferret, rodents have survived. The Voroninsky Nature Reserve is located on the territory of the Tambov Region.

2. Altai Territory

The state of atmospheric air is largely determined by the location and concentration of ecologically active branches of material production, the level of cleaning industrial emissions from pollutants, the concentration and congestion of transport routes.

At the enterprises of the region, 64% of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere are captured by gas cleaning units.

3. Republic of Altai

Tourism in the Altai Republic is one of the main sectors of the region's economy, as well as an important source of income. Up to 1 million tourists come to Altai annually.

Among the active types of recreation, the largest volume is occupied by summer ecological, cultural and educational trips and excursions related to the organization of automobile, foot, horse, water, mountaineering, hunting, fishing, speleological and other types of recreation with visits to natural and cultural historical sites and territories.

4. Republic of Chuvashia

The Chuvash Republic is located in the east of the East European Plain, mainly on the right bank of the Volga, between its tributaries Sura and Sviyaga.

The hydroelectric potential of the Volga River in the republic is not fully realized at the Cheboksary HPP.

On the territory of the republic there are deposits of phosphorites with ore reserves of 148.7 million tons, oil shale with reserves of 199.1 million tons, peat deposits.

5. Ulyanovsk region

The leading position in the structure of the region's mineral resources is occupied (explored reserves amount to 42 million tons), glass, cement (reserves of chalk, clay and diatomite for cement production in the region are practically unlimited: for example, the five largest chalk deposits have been explored for the production of cement with total reserves of 380 million tons).

6. Belgorod region

About 10% of animal species inhabiting the Belgorod Region are in need of special protection. 50 species are included in the Red Book.

7.Moscow

During periods of predominance of eastern and southeastern winds, Moscow receives less clean air, since the southeast of the region is 25-30% green, significantly plowed up and more industrial.

The quality of the city's water resources is better in the north-west of the city, upstream of the Moskva River. North-west of Moscow is more elevated, hilly, has heavier, clayey and loamy soils.

8. St. Petersburg

The state of the environment in St. Petersburg, as well as in other megacities of the country, is far from ideal.

Such negative factors as air pollution from automobile exhaust and sand-salt dust, overcrowding, noise, lead to a deterioration in the quality of life in the city and a deterioration in the health status of St. Petersburg residents.

For example, air pollution in St. Petersburg leads to a constant increase in allergic and asthmatic diseases in children and causes health problems in the elderly.

9. Rostov region

In the Rostov region, environmental problems are associated with the consequences of the industrial take-off of the past.

The largest enterprises: Taganrog Metallurgical and Automobile Plants, Krasny Kotelshchik, Atommash, Novoshakhtinsky Oil Products Plant and others.

The main natural resources of the region are soils, namely chernozems. They occupy almost 65% of the land resources.

10. Kursk region

The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly is the world's largest iron ore deposit with an area of ​​more than 160 thousand square meters. km. Its reserves are over a billion tons. The development of the deposit is carried out by the "Lebedinsky mining and processing plant" by open-cut method.

Environmental problems associated with the operation of the plant are typical for industrial enterprises in this direction.

This is pollution of atmospheric air with exhaust gases and dust, land - with used motor oils and other petroleum products, water - with effluents.

In our century, continuing the traditions of the previous century of scientific and technological progress, people have learned to value the environment. Today everyone wants to breathe clean air, drink clean water, and eat healthy food. Some people solve these issues by buying clean water from the store, installing air purifiers at home and buying expensive, but natural, food. Other people are trying to move to live in a cleaner area. But where to look for such oases of purity? Let's see where the cleanest cities in the world are.

The American edition of The Forbes has published a rating of the most environmentally friendly countries in the world. 140 countries were assessed using The Environmental Performance Index, developed by Columbia and Yale Universities. The methodology is based on assessing the ecology according to 25 criteria (ranging from air purity and water quality to biodiversity and the use of pesticides).

1.Switzerland

Switzerland scored 95.5 points out of 100 possible.

State in Central Europe; borders with France, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Italy. Area - 41.3 thousand sq. km The main territory of the country is located in the Alps. A system of powerful mountain ranges stretches from the south-west to the north-east - the Penninsky, Lepontinsky, Rhetiansky, Glarnsky Alps. On average, they rise to high. 3500 m, and individual peaks (Jungfrau, Finsteraarhorn, Matterhorn, etc.) - above 4000 m.The highest point in the country is Dufour peak (4634 m). There are many firn fields and glaciers in the mountains, the total area of ​​which is approx. 1950 sq. km. The main passes (Saint-Bernard, Saint-Gotthard, Simplon, Bernina) are located above 2000 m. To the north-west of the Alps at an altitude of 400-1200 m lies the Swiss plateau with hilly relief and numerous lakes. Even further to the north-west and west, at heights of up to 1679 m, the Jura Mountains and the karst plateau of the same name rise. The climate is temperate, humid, the altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed in the mountains. The average January temperature on the Swiss Highlands is approx. 0 ° С, at high. 1500 m 7 ° С, at the exit. 2500 m -14 ° C. The average July temperature is +19, + 12 ° C, respectively. On the plateau 800-1200 mm of precipitation falls per year, on the windward western slopes of the Alps - 2500 mm, on the leeward slopes and 1000-1500 mm. In the mountains in winter there is a thick snow cover, avalanches often come down. The rivers are rapids and abounding in water; large reserves of hydropower. The Rhine flows here (with a tributary of the Aare), the headwaters of the Rhone, Inna, Ticino are located; large picturesque lakes - Constance, Geneva, Lake Maggiore and others. Many lakes and r. The Rhine (from Basel) are navigable. In Switzerland, forests cover almost 30% of the territory, agricultural land - approx. 42.5% (arable land - 10%, pastures and hayfields - 32.5%). Until the exit. 800 m dominated by arable land, orchards, vineyards; the lower parts of the mountain slopes are covered with deciduous forests of oak, beech, ash, elm, maple, linden; higher (up to 1800-2400 m) coniferous forests of spruce, fir, pine and larch dominate; along the valleys - thickets of alder. Further (up to 2800 m) - subalpine and alpine meadows, thickets of rhododendron, azalea, juniper, even higher - rocks, snowfields, glaciers. There are many reserves and wildlife sanctuaries in the country; in the east, in the valley of the river. The Engadin and its surroundings are located in the Swiss National Park.

One of the richest nations in the world in terms of GDP per capita - the cleanest in the world. Switzerland has all the conditions to live a long life

2.Sweden

Kingdom of Sweden - a state in Northern Europe; occupies the eastern and southern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the islands of Gotland and Öland in the Baltic Sea. Area - 450.5 thousand sq. km. In the east, Sweden is washed by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, in the south and southwest - by the Danish straits. In the northern and western parts of the country, mountains and plateaus prevail, in the south - hilly plains and lowlands. The Scandinavian mountains stretch along the border with Norway, to the east of them - up to the Gulf of Bothnia - the Norland plateau. The highest point of the country is Mount Kebnekaise (2123 m). In the north of the country there are 370 glaciers with a total area of ​​314 sq. km. The rivers are rapids and rich in hydropower. The lakes cover approx. 9% of the territory. The northern territories and highlands are covered with tundra, which occupies almost 15% of the country's area. One of the main natural resources of Sweden is forests, mainly pine and spruce; south of 60 ° N. sh. - mixed. Forests cover 57% of the territory. Large areas are occupied by swamps (14%). There are many national parks and reserves in the country. Agricultural land is located in the very south of the country and in the east along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. They occupy a little more than 8% of the territory (6.7% - arable land; 1.4% - pastures).

The climate is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental; due to the large extent of the country, it varies greatly from north to south. The average January temperature in the north is from -6 to -14 ° С, in the south - from 0 to +5 ° С; July - from +10 ° С in the north to +17 ° С in the south. On the plains 500-700 mm of precipitation falls per year, in the mountains 1500-2000 mm. In the end. 8-beg. 11th century Swedish Vikings (known in Western Europe as Normans, and in Russia - Varangians), raided neighboring lands, including Russia, Byzantium and the Arab Caliphate. From ser. 12th century Swedish kings made crusades against the Finnish tribes and in the beginning. 14th century conquered Finland. In 1389, a union was concluded with Denmark, and in 1397 - a tripartite alliance, which included Norway. This union disintegrated in mid. 15th century All R. 16th century Sweden entered the struggle for domination in the Baltic, which led to a series of Russian-Swedish wars. In the 17th century. Sweden became one of the most powerful states in Europe, which allowed it to achieve temporary successes in the Northern War of 1700-1721. with Russia.

3.Norway

The Kingdom of Norway is a state in Northern Europe; occupies the western and northern parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Svalbard archipelago, the Bear and Jan Mayen Islands in the North Atlantic. Area - 387 thousand sq. km (including Norway - a mountainous country. Almost all of its territory is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, strongly dissected by fjords and cut by deep valleys. The highest point is Mount Galhopiggen (2469 m). In the southern and northern parts of the country there are high plateaus (fjelds ), there are many islands off the coast.
The mountains are covered with vast glaciers with a total area of ​​almost 3000 sq. km. In addition, on about. Svalbard glaciers occupy 36.6 thousand square meters. km.

Norway is a highly developed industrial country, one of the richest countries in Europe. The gross domestic product is $ 149 billion, more than $ 33,000 per capita per year. The country's main source of wealth is oil and gas production on the North Sea shelf and fishing. Developed electrometallurgy and electrochemistry, pulp and paper and fish processing industries, shipbuilding and production of offshore oil drilling platforms, electrical and radioelectronic industries, production and sale of electricity. Together, these industries account for 31% of GDP. The main branch of agriculture (2% of GDP) is meat and dairy cattle breeding, barley and oats are produced from cereals. The service sector and international tourism account for 67% of GDP. The southern part of the country has an extensive rail and road network. Many long (up to 10-12 km) tunnels linking mountainous areas; there is a widespread ferry service across the fjords; a number of coastal islands are connected to the mainland by high bridges.

The capital of Norway is Oslo; is located on the northern shore of the Oslofjord Bay, which juts deep into the land. Founded ca. 1048 from the end. 13th century until 1380 - the residence of the Norwegian kings, from 1572 - the center of Danish administration in Norway. After a fire in 1624, it was rebuilt in a new place and named Cristiania (after the Danish king Christian IV). In 1814 it was declared the capital of Norway. Population - approx. 500 thousand inhabitants, in the Greater Oslo agglomeration - more than 900 thousand people. The largest transport hub in the country, port, Fornebu international airport. Oslo produces a quarter of all industrial production in Norway. Developed mechanical engineering (including shipbuilding); electrical, radio-electronic, chemical, printing industry. On the Bygdø Peninsula there are museums with ancient Viking ships, the legendary "Fram" by F. Nansen, the rafts "Kon-tiki" and "Ra-2" Thor Heyerdahl.

4 Costa Rica

The Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish Rep? Blica de Costa Rica, translated as "rich coast") is one of the smallest states in Central America. It is located in the narrowest part of the isthmus that connects two continents. Costa Rica borders two countries: Nicaragua to the north and the Republic of Panama to the southeast. The Pacific Ocean washes the shores from the south and west and the Caribbean Sea from the east. Despite its location, Costa Rica is a predominantly "white" country. The capital of Costa Rica is the city of San Jose (890 thousand inhabitants). Costa Rica is the first country in the world to abolish the army - in 1949, after the civil war.

The fourth cleanest in the world. The economy of Costa Rica is heavily dependent on ecotourism, which is why the country aims to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2021. Costa Rica has been able to avoid serious deforestation that threatens other Latin American countries. She received 97 points out of 100 possible in the categories "forests", "air pollution" and "climate change". On the other hand, the country is not doing very well with the issues of protecting and preserving marine areas in need of protection.

5. Colombia

The prosperity of Colombia is directly related to the fertility of the land and the cultivation of agricultural products. Incl. it is about the cultivation of coffee and flowers, which provide export income. The South American country protects the quality of its land. Colombia's clean environment is a guarantee of a healthy population with a life expectancy of 73 years.

Colombia (Spanish Colombia), the official name of the Republic of Colombia is Spanish. Rep? Blica de Colombia is a state in the northwest of South America. The capital is Bogota. It shares borders with Brazil and Venezuela in the east, in the south - with Ecuador and Peru, in the west - with Panama. It is washed by the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The name of the country comes from the name of the famous seafaring traveler, Christopher Columbus, who discovered America. In 1819, the Federal Republic of Colombia (or Greater Colombia) was proclaimed, which united the former Captaincy General of Venezuela and the Viceroyalty of New Granada. However, later, after the separation of Ecuador and Venezuela, the country began to be called New Granada. Since 1858, the country has become known as the Granada Confederation, since 1863 - the United States of Colombia. Since 1886, the current name has been established - the Republic of Colombia. Colombia is one of two South American states with access to both the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean (the other is Chile). Colombia is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Caribbean Sea in the northwest. In the west of the country, the Andes stretch from north to south, dissected by the Magdalena, Cauca and other smaller rivers. In the east there is a plateau, crossed by tributaries of the Amazon. Lowlands stretch along the coasts.

In the north of Colombia lies the Caribbean lowland with a subequatorial arid climate. The main ports of the country and the main resorts that attract foreign tourists are located here. There is also the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range with the snow-capped peak Cristobal Colon (5775 m), which is the highest mountain in Colombia. The west coast is occupied by the narrow Pacific Lowlands, with abundant rainfall throughout the year and high tides, making the region's beaches less popular with tourists. The lagoons along the Pacific coast are occupied by powerful mangroves. In the south of the country, the Andes branch into three parallel ridges, called the Western, Central and Eastern Cordilleras, which stretch to the north for more than 3 thousand kilometers. The intermontane valleys are home to the country's main agricultural land and is home to most of the Colombian population. But many extinct and active volcanoes, as well as the high seismicity of the territory, damage the population and the economy. The Colombian part of the Llanos region is located in the southern part of the Orinoco Plain. The subequatorial hot climate with humid summers and dry winters determines the distribution of humid cereal and palm savannas, gallery forests along rivers and reed swamps in the region. The southeast of the country is occupied by the Amazonian jungle, located in an area of ​​a constantly humid equatorial climate. Lush, impenetrable vegetation (five tiers of trees up to 70 m high) and rich fauna are very diverse. But due to the harsh natural conditions, only 1% of the country's population lives in this region.

6 New Zealand

Sparsely populated New Zealand is a tourist paradise. The country pays great attention to environmental protection. In terms of the cleanliness index, it is far ahead of other countries in the region due to the quality of water and air. But industrial enterprises do their dirty bit with CO2 emissions.

The territory of the North Island in the east is covered with mountain ranges with heights of up to 1400-1700 m. In its central part there is a volcanic plateau with cones of active volcanoes - Ruapehu (2797 m) and others, geysers, mud volcanoes, hot springs and warm lakes. To the west of this plateau stands the extinct volcano Egmont (2518 m). Earthquakes are frequent, sometimes of destructive force. To the north of the volcanic plateau lies a hilly lowland. There are narrow low-lying strips along the coastlines in the south and in the central part of the island. Along the western coast of the South Island, from north to south, stretches the mountain range of the Southern Alps with 19 peaks above 3000 m and many spurs-ridges. The highest point of the country is Mount Cook (3764 m). The ridges are characterized by alpine landforms (sharp peaks) and steep steep slopes. Along the east coast of the South Island, from north to south, stretches the narrow Canterbury Plain. In the southeast of the island are the Soutland Lowlands and the Otago Plateau, in the southwest there are deep fjords (Fiordland National Park).

7 Japan

Life expectancy in Japan is about 82 years. This is the highest rate in the world. This is due in part to superior water treatment technologies, sanitation, prevention of the use of chemical pesticides, and relatively low levels of air pollution. The problem here is the depletion of coastal fish stocks and, consequently, the decline in marine biological diversity.

Japan (Japanese Nihon, Nippon), the official name is "Nihon Koku", "Nippon Koku", the archaic name "Yashima" (Japanese Yashima) is an island state in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, east of the Sea of ​​Japan, China, North and South Korea and Russia, it stretches from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The name of the country means "home of the sun", which is why Japan is called "the land of the rising sun." Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku together account for 97% of the total area of ​​the archipelago. Most of the islands are mountainous, many are volcanic; for example, the highest point in Japan, Mount Fuji is a volcano. With a population of over 127 million, Japan is the tenth largest in the world. Greater Tokyo, which includes Japan's de facto capital city of Tokyo and several nearby prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 30 million. As a great economic power, Japan ranks second in the world in terms of nominal GDP and third in terms of GDP calculated in purchasing power parity. Japan is the fourth largest exporter and the sixth largest importer.

Japan is a member of the G-8 and APEC, as well as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern and extensive military force that is used in self-defense and in peacekeeping operations. Japan is a developed country with a very high standard of living (tenth in the human development index). Japan has the world's highest life expectancy and one of the lowest infant mortality rates.

Japan remains the only country in the world against which nuclear weapons have been used.

8.Croatia

The Republic of Croatia is a country in South-Eastern Europe, in the west and south it is washed by the Adriatic Sea. Consists of 4 historical regions: Lesser Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Istria. Area - 56 414 sq. km. The country's territory has a wedge-shaped configuration: one of the wedges formed by the rivers Mura, Drava and Danube in the north and the r. Sava in the south, stretching east to Serbia; another wedge, bounded by the Adriatic Sea and the western ridges of the Dinaric Alps, stretches south to the Bay of Kotor. Slavonia is a flat area between the Drava, Danube and Sava rivers (part of the Central Danube lowland). To the south-west of it there is a mountain range of limestone Dinaric Alps, stretching along the coast of the Adriatic Sea: the highest point is Mount Tsintsar (2085 m). Istria is dominated by flat relief. There are earthquakes. The coastline of the Adriatic Sea is heavily indented. There are many rocky islands along the coast (1185 in total).

Slavonia and Lesser Croatia have a temperate continental climate with warm summers (+ 20 ... + 23 ° С) and cool winters (-1 ... + 3 ° С); in Dalmatia and Istria - a Mediterranean subtropical climate with a warm, almost rainless summer (+ 25 ° С) and mild, rainy winters (+ 8 ° С). In winter, a cold northeastern wind “bora” blows. In the Dinaric Alps, the climate is mountainous, with moderately warm summers, moderately cold winters and abundant precipitation, which quickly sink into the ground due to karst. In the east and north, there are 700-1000 mm, on the Adriatic coast - 800-1500 mm of precipitation per year.

The main rivers are Sava, Drava, Danube and Kupa. The largest lake is Vransko. The northern part of the country is dominated by oak and linden forests; in Slavonia - forest-steppe and steppe; on the Adriatic coast and islands - subtropical vegetation; in the mountains - oak-hornbeam, beech and pine forests. Cultivated land occupies 25% of the country's territory, pastures - 22%. The forests are inhabited by wolves, bears, deer, roe deer, wild boars, foxes, pheasants, and wild ducks. National parks and reserves: Plitvice Lakes (16 karst lakes connected by waterfalls and the Korana River), Brijuni (islands with Mediterranean vegetation), Kornati (island group), Paklenica (rocky mountains), Velebit (mountains), Rysnjak (forest, wild fauna), etc. Croatia, with its developed tourism industry, prioritizes clean coastlines. The country on the Adriatic shows its visitors a rich fish diversity. However, the socialist past is making its mark: Soviet-era industry is a source of greenhouse gases.

9.Albania

The Republic of Albania (from the Albanian Shkiperia - the country of the eagles) is located in the south-east of Europe, in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula; stretched from north to south along the coast of the Adriatic and Ionian seas. Area - 28 748 thousand sq. km The territory of the country is divided into two parts: low-lying, slightly hilly, located along the coast of the Adriatic Sea; mountainous, covers north, east and south. Mountains occupy 70% of the territory. In the north, there are medium-altitude rocky limestone North Albanian Alps, which are dissected by deep canyon-like valleys of the mountain river. Drin and its tributaries. In the east, there are smoother mountain ranges (with the highest peak in the country, Golem Korabit - 2764 m). From east to west, they are cut by deep valleys of the Black Drin, Mati, Shkumbini, Devoli rivers. In the south, there are low (600 to 2000 m) mountains, which then turn into the Pindus Mountains in Northern Greece. The western coastal lowland is wide. 15-40 km (swampy in places), bordered by sea lagoons. The Kerkyra Strait in the south separates Albania from the Ionian Islands, and the Otranto Strait from the Apennine Peninsula. The territory of Albania is seismic. The strongest earthquakes occurred in 1372, 1905, 1926, 1960, 1979. The climate of the coastal part of the country is subtropical Mediterranean, with warm and humid winters (average January temperature from +4 in the north to +7 ° С in the south), hot and dry summers (average July temperatures from +25 ° С in the north to +28 ° С in the south, sometimes it reaches +38 ° С); precipitation (1100-1800 mm per year) falls mainly in late autumn and winter. The climate of the inner mountainous part of Albania is moderately continental with cold winters (frosts reach -15 ... -20 ° С), more humid and not so hot summers (up to 2500 mm of precipitation per year). The southwestern part of the country suffers from drought in summer.

Albania, like its Eastern European neighbors, does not belong to the category of countries with an impeccable environment. But since the country's industry has never worked at full capacity (GDP per capita is only $ 6,000) and the country has not undergone total industrialization, Albania produces few greenhouse gases. However, the tendency to use stove heating allows Albania to be assigned 47.7 points on the index of indoor air pollution.

10 Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a state in southwest Asia, off the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, and Egypt and the Gaza Strip in the southwest. It was proclaimed on May 14, 1948 on the basis of the UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution No. 181, adopted on November 29, 1947 (see "UN Plan for the Partition of Palestine"). According to the Declaration of Independence, Israel is a Jewish state. At the same time, Israel is a multinational and democratic state, where, along with the Jews, all other religious and ethnic groups have equal rights: Muslim Arabs, Christian Arabs, Druze, Bedouins, Samaritans. , Circassians, etc. In particular, Druze and Bedouin deputies, Arab parties and deputies are represented in the Knesset.

7.2 million Israelis enjoy the quality of water and air, competing in this with the cleanest countries in Europe. Life expectancy here is 81 years. Despite the droughts, Israel has a sound policy for its small forests. The scourge of the country is pesticides that affect food.

Today the ecological situation in some cities of Russia leaves much to be desired. However, in recent years, the government has seriously taken up the issue of improving the environment. The creation of waste processing enterprises, the transition to environmentally friendly fuels and the installation of gas cleaning equipment at the factories contribute to the improvement of the ecological state of certain settlements. The top 10 includes the cleanest cities in Russia 2018-2019, the list of which is presented below.

Yoshkar-Ola

Yoshkar-Ola or Red City opens a rating of the cleanest Russian cities as of 2018-2019. It is the capital of the Republic of Mari El. The ecological situation here is not as acute as in other cities of Russia. However, there are still problems with environmental pollution, and they are not quite small. There are many large enterprises in the Red City that emit air emissions. The issue of water quality in the Malaya Kokshaga River is quite acute. This reservoir and other rivers of the city are regularly discharged from the fine waters, which are industrial waste. Despite such a situation with rivers, the quality of drinking water has been significantly improved in recent years.

Tambov

Tambov is one of the ten most environmentally friendly cities in Russia today. Despite the large number of industrial enterprises, the air pollution index is relatively low and amounts to 4. There is a waste sorting plant on the territory of the region that processes polymers into granules. The city has a large number of parks, and many streets are greened, which makes it possible to additionally purify the air from exhaust emissions from cars.

Saransk

Saransk located on the eighth line of environmentally friendly cities. It is located in Mordovia and is its capital. There are more than a dozen industrial enterprises in the city that regularly emit emissions into the environment. In recent years, it has been possible to improve environmental friendliness thanks to environmental protection measures. There is 100% gasification in Saransk, due to which the emission of harmful substances is minimized. Earlier, a deplorable situation was observed with river waters that were most polluted. Now everything has changed and fish began to appear in the rivers.

Petrozavodsk

Petrozavodsk considered an environmentally friendly city in Russia as of the end of 2019. The level of air pollution over the previous years was considered to be satisfied. Recently, the situation in this regard has improved several times, because the emission of pollution into the atmosphere has decreased eight times over the past two decades. It was possible to achieve such changes for the better thanks to the installation of gas cleaning equipment at the enterprises and the conversion of most of the plants to natural gas. One of the problems that Petrozavodsk faces the most acutely is the negative impact of municipal solid waste due to the lack of established disposal measures. Another urgent problem of the city is the high level of pollution of river waters.

Naberezhnye Chelny

Naberezhnye Chelny belongs to the cleanest cities in Russia from an environmental point of view. A feature of this city is that there is a constant air circulation on its territory, which prevents it from stagnating. The air masses are constantly renewed, so the air is clean here. The problem with water pollution in rivers, as in other Russian cities, is also not an acute problem.

Kazan

Kazan is one of the most environmentally friendly cities in Russia. Today it is the only metropolis that completely recycles industrial waste. On the territory of Kazan there are more than one and a half thousand enterprises that emit harmful substances into the atmosphere and water. In order to reduce the concentration of harmful substances in the city, public transport was transferred to Euro 3 and Euro 4. Disinfection of tap water is also carried out here according to European standards, with the exception of the unsafe cleaning method using chlorine.

Grozny

Grozny It is rightfully considered one of the cleanest Russian cities with a very low level of pollution. This is due primarily to the lack of a large number of industrial enterprises. There are no more than ten factories in the city. The total volume of harmful emissions into the environment is just over 20 tons, which is quite small compared to other large settlements in Russia.

Magas

Magas is one of the most environmentally friendly cities located on the territory of the Russian Federation. A favorable environmental situation was achieved through the introduction of a new underground waste storage system. The city has eco-terminals dedicated to collecting fluorescent lamps. Projects using solar panels have also been launched in Magas. The city managed to completely get rid of landfills. Also in Magas, active work is being carried out to purify river waters and improve the quality of drinking water. In the near future, the formation of an environmental patrol is expected, with the help of which the state of natural areas will be monitored and attempts to damage the environment will be suppressed.

Kostroma

Kostroma recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly areas in Russia. This is due to the fact that a gradation of many industrial enterprises took place in the city. The second important factor of cleanliness is the presence of a large number of forest plantations, which provide residents with clean air. The main source of pollution of the settlement is the Fanplit industrial plant. The main problem is the increased pollution of the waters of the Volga River, into which industrial waste is regularly discharged.

Sevastopol

Sevastopol is considered the cleanest city in Russia in terms of ecology. As of 2018-2019, Sevastopol produces the smallest amount of emissions of harmful substances into the environment, of which there are just over 9 tons, the bulk of which comes from transport. The absence of large industrial enterprises played a huge role. Clean air and water - this is what Sevastopol residents are proud of. However, in the near future, a coal processing plant, which is at the stage of project development, can spoil the ecological situation in the city. Nevertheless, there are currently no real threats to the environment.

That is, it is very expensive; there are cities where the level of ecology exceeds the permissible norms, but there are also those that are “suitable for life”, where life is attractive precisely from the point of view of ecology. We will talk about them today.

Every two years, the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) publishes the Bulletin Key Indicators of Environmental Protection, which, among other things, presents data for Russian cities on emissions of air pollutants from stationary sources (ie enterprises) and road transport. The most comprehensive bulletin to date was published on July 1, 2013, and provides data for 2012. Data for 2014 was published in 2015, but the study focused on regions as a whole, rather than individual cities. The 2015 study provides data for 37 cities, which is much less than the 2013 study, which presents data for 181 cities, while the 2015 study does not have data on vehicle emissions. Therefore, in this rating of the most environmentally friendly cities in Russia in terms of total emissions, data from the 2013 bulletin were used, not 2015. From the 2015 list, the rating used data only for Sevastopol.

It is worth noting that Rosstat publishes data not for all cities in Russia, but only for developed industrial centers, therefore, environmentally friendly small towns, where there is practically no industry, are not included in the Rosstat list.

Generally, the larger the city, the more emissions it will have. Therefore, the rating is divided into three categories according to the traditional Russian classification of cities by population: medium-sized cities (from 50 to 100 thousand people), large cities (from 100 to 250 thousand people), large cities (from 250 to 1 million people). .). In total, the rating includes 10 of the most environmentally friendly medium-sized Russian cities in terms of total emissions, 20 large and 12 large.

List of the most environmentally friendly cities in Russia (with a population of 50 to 100 thousand people)

10. Revda (Sverdlovsk region). Population - 62 thousand people. Emissions - 10.8 thousand tons, stationary sources - 64%.

9. Velikiye Luki (Pskov region). Population - 96.5 thousand people. Emissions - 8.6 thousand tons, stationary sources - 29.3%.

8. Belorechensk (Krasnodar Territory). Population - 52.6 thousand people. Emissions - 8.6 thousand tons, stationary sources - 22.2%.

7. Beloretsk (Bashkortostan). Population - 66.9 thousand people. Emissions - 8.4 thousand tons, stationary sources - 33.4%. Those who are thinking about moving to Beloretsk due to its environmental friendliness should take into account that the construction of the Belstal metallurgical complex has begun in the city, so in a few years Beloretsk will turn from an ecologically clean city into a mini-analogue of neighboring Magnitogorsk, which is one of the most polluted cities of Russia.

6. Glazov (Udmurtia). Population - 94.9 thousand people. Emissions - 7.8 thousand tons, stationary sources - 54%.

5. Gorno-Altaysk (Altai Republic). Population - 61.4 thousand people. Emissions - 7.2 thousand tons, stationary sources - 26.5%. The capital of the Altai Republic, Gorno-Altaysk, is the most environmentally friendly administrative center of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Gorno-Altaysk

4. Krasnokamsk (Perm Territory). Population - 53.7 thousand people. Emissions - 5.6 thousand tons, stationary sources - 31.7%.

3. Balakhna (Nizhny Novgorod region). Population - 50.1 thousand people. Emissions - 5.4 thousand tons, stationary sources - 22.9%.

2. Mineralnye Vody (Stavropol Territory). Population - 76.2 thousand people Emissions - 5.3 thousand tons, stationary sources - 24%.

1. Sarapul (Udmurtia).

Once, during a direct line, Vladimir Putin was asked the question: "Why is everything so bad in Sarapul?" If we look at the volume of emissions, showing that Sarapul is the most environmentally friendly of the average cities in Russia, then we can conclude that everything in Sarapul is not so bad. With a population of 99.8 thousand people. the volume of emissions is 4.7 thousand tons, of which stationary sources account for 17.5%.

List of the most environmentally friendly cities in Russia (with a population of 100 to 250 thousand people)

10. Khasavyurt (Dagestan). Population - 135.3 thousand people. Emissions - 7.5 thousand tons, stationary sources - 2.3%.

9. Obninsk (Kaluga region). Population - 107.3 thousand people. Emissions - 7.4 thousand tons, stationary sources - 8%.

8. Arzamas (Nizhny Novgorod region). Population - 105 thousand people. Emissions - 7.1 thousand tons, stationary sources - 20.8%.

7. Oktyabrsky (Bashkortostan). Population - 112.2 thousand people Emissions - 6.3 thousand tons, stationary sources - 16.1%.

6. Kislovodsk (Stavropol Territory). Population - 130 thousand people. Emissions - 6.2 thousand tons, stationary sources - 7.9%.

5. Essentuki (Stavropol Territory). Population - 103 thousand people. Emissions - 5.3 thousand tons, stationary sources - 9.1%.

4. Novoshakhtinsk (Rostov region). Population - 109.5 thousand people. Emissions - 4.5 thousand tons, stationary sources - 23.7%.

3. Nazran (Ingushetia). Population - 105.8 thousand people. Emissions - 4.3 thousand tons, stationary sources - 2.2%.

2. Kaspiysk (Dagestan). Population - 105.1 thousand people. Emissions - 3.9 thousand tons, stationary sources - 2.1%.

1. Derbent (Dagestan).

Derbent is not only the most ancient city on the territory of Russia (Derbent was founded in 438 A.D.), but also the most environmentally friendly of medium-sized (less emissions than Sarapul) and large Russian cities in terms of population. With a population of 120.5 thousand people, the volume of emissions per year is 3.3 thousand tons, of which stationary sources account for 13.8%.

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