Contemporary Russian scientists and their discoveries. Presentation "Great Scientists of Russia"
Our response to the deceitful Western propaganda that the Russians "have never created anything, and are not in a position to create anything," and that "all the best and necessary things were created by the Americans and Europeans" ...
"Three heroes". Viktor Vasnetsov, 1898
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Pavel Yablochkov - the inventor of the first light bulb
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin is the world's first electric light bulb.
2. A.S. Popov is the inventor of radio.
3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting).
4. A.F. Mozhaisky is the inventor of the world's first airplane.
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber.
6. A.M. Poniatov is the world's first video recorder.
7.S.P. Korolev is the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, and the first Earth satellite.
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov is the world's first quantum generator - maser.
9.S.V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor).
10.S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky is the world's first color photograph.
11. AA Alekseev - the creator of the needle screen.
12. F.A. Pirotsky is the world's first electric tram.
13. F.A. Blinov is the world's first tracked tractor.
14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film.
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, and a turning wheel.
16.O.V. Losev is the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device.
17. V.P. Mutilin is the world's first mounted construction harvester.
18. AR Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester.
19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and was the first to create a model of an artificial heart.
20. A. P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - the geochemistry of isotopes.
21. I.I. Polzunov is the world's first heat engine.
22. G.E. Kotelnikov - the first knapsack rescue parachute.
Academician Igor Kurchatov under his leadership developed the world's first hydrogen bomb
23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first 400 kt hydrogen bomb was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) with a record yield of 52,000 kilotons.
24. M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between the supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current.
25. V.P. Vologdin, the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, has developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry.
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879.
27. V.P. Glushko is the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine.
28. V.V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge.
29. N.G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding.
30. I.F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera.
31.D.P. Grigorovich is the creator of the seaplane.
32. V.G. Fedorov is the world's first machine gun.
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a sliding carriage.
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to read a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus.
35. I.P. Kulibin - a mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, the inventor of the searchlight.
36. V.V. Petrov, a physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc.
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a shop with frames.
38. N.I. Lobachevsky is a mathematician, the creator of "non-Euclidean geometry".
39.D. A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track.
40.B.O. Jacobi - invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft.
41. P.P. Anosov, a metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel.
42.D. I. Zhuravsky - was the first to develop the theory of calculating bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world.
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled an atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more.
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals.
45. A.M. Butlerov - was the first to formulate the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the brain."
47.D. I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name.
48. M.A. Novinsky, a veterinarian, laid the foundations for experimental oncology.
49. G.G. Ignatiev - was the first in the world to develop a system for simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable.
50. K.S. Drzewiecki - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor.
51. N.I. Kibalchich was the first in the world to develop a scheme for a rocket flying vehicle.
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding.
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science.
54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera.
55. A.G. Stoletov is a physicist who was the first in the world to create a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect.
56. P. D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine.
57. I.V. Boldyrev, the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography.
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera.
59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freudenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange.
60. N. D. Pilchikov, a physicist, was the first in the world to create and successfully demonstrate a wireless control system.
61. V.A. Gassiev is an engineer who built the world's first phototypesetting machine.
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky is the founder of cosmonautics.
63. P.N. Lebedev is a physicist, for the first time in science he experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids.
64. I.P. Pavlov is the creator of the science of higher nervous activity.
65. VI Vernadsky - natural scientist, founder of many scientific schools.
66. A.N. Scriabin is a composer, for the first time in the world he used light effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”.
67. N.E. Zhukovsky is the creator of aerodynamics.
68. S.V. Lebedev - received artificial rubber for the first time.
69. G.A. Tikhov is an astronomer who was the first in the world to establish that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.
70. N. D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly efficient coal gas mask.
71. N.P. Dubinin, a geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene.
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922.
73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance.
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings.
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects.
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma.
77. S.S. Yudin - for the first time applied blood transfusion of suddenly dead people in the clinic.
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and was the first to create piezoelectric textures.
79. L.V. Shubnikov - the Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors).
80. N. A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of the passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes.
81. P.P. Lazarev is the creator of the ionic theory of excitation.
82. P.A. Molchanov, a meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde.
83. N. A. Umov - physicist, the equation of motion of energy, the concept of the flow of energy; By the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the delusions of the theory of relativity.
84. E.S. Fedorov is the founder of crystallography.
85. G. S. Petrov is a chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent.
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for gunners.
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method of making woven credit notes and a method of one-pass multiple printing (Oryol printing).
88. Mikhail Ostrogradskiy - mathematician, O.'s formula (multiple integral).
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. Polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram.
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, radiation of Ch. (New optical effect), counter of Ch. (Detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics).
91.D.K. Chernov - points of Ch. (Critical points of phase transformations of steel).
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another who was the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple expansion of steam.
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphosoreaction).
94. A.M. Lyapunov, a mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of the theory of probability).
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions).
96 S.N. Reformed - organic chemist, Reformed reaction.
97. V.A.Semennikov - metallurgist, was the first in the world to carry out semelessization of copper matte and obtained blister copper.
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes).
99. M.M. Protodyakonov is a scientist who has developed a generally accepted scale of rock fortress in the world.
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, Sh. Balm (vinylin).
101. M.S. Color - color method (chromatography of plant pigments).
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft.
103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting.
104.B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-jet engines.
105. A.I. Leipunsky, a physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons in collisions.
106.D.D. Maksutov - optician, M. telescope (meniscus system of optical instruments).
107. N. A. Menshutkin, a chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction.
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology.
109 S.N. Vinogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis.
110. V.S. Pyatov, a metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by the rolling method.
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal harvester (for coal mining).
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants.
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko, a physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (auto-light).
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells.
115. E.A. Murzin - invented the world's first optoelectronic synthesizer "ANS".
116. P.M. Golubitsky is a Russian inventor in the field of telephony.
117. VF Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed to use a three-phase arc for welding metals.
118. L.N. Gobyato is a colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904.
119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor who was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers.
120. I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian round-the-world trip, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin.
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica.
122. The world's first modern-type icebreaker - the Russian fleet steamer "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova ..
123. V.N. Sukachev is the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population.
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of chemistry of organoelement compounds ..
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world.
126. G.N. Babakin is a Russian designer, the creator of the Soviet lunar rovers.
127. P.N. Nesterov was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a "loop", later called "Nesterov's loop".
128. B.B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology.
129. V.M. Bekhterev is an encyclopedic scientist with a world renown and many discoveries in the field of structure, pathways and functions of the brain and psyche, morphologist of the nervous system and brain, psychophysiologist, neurologist - clinician-neuropathologist and psychiatrist, psychologist - the founder of a number of branches of psychological science.
And all this is only an insignificant part of the contribution of Russians to world science.
The presentation of the Nobel Prize is one of the main scientific events of the year. This prize is one of the most prestigious awards, which has been awarded since 1901 for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions, major contributions to culture or the development of society. The prize was awarded to citizens of Russia and the USSR 16 times, and 23 times people who lived in other countries, but had Russian roots, became laureates of the prize. Our author's selection of Russian laureates in the field of medicine, physics and chemistry allows you to trace several time periods at the same time, at the turn of which the prize was awarded, and you can also get acquainted with the contribution to science made by these outstanding scientists.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1904 - medicine).
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov built his entire scientific career in St. Petersburg. Having entered the law (!) Faculty of St. Petersburg State University after the seminary, he transferred to the faculty of natural sciences after 17 days and began to specialize in animal physiology.
During his scientific career, Pavlov, in fact, created the modern physiology of digestion. And in 1904, at the age of 55, I.P. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for the study of the digestive glands. Thus, Pavlov became the first Nobel laureate from Russia.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1908 - medicine)
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, following in the footsteps of his great predecessors, studied microbiology. He discovered fungi that cause insect diseases and developed a theory of immunity. His scientific works touched upon the most terrible diseases of that time, spreading in the form of epidemics - cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, plague ... For his discoveries in the field of immunity, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
The sharp rise in life expectancy in the 20th century was driven mainly by the victory over infectious diseases, which were responsible for about 50% of deaths in the 19th century. And the works of Mechnikov played an important role in this.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov paid much attention to aging issues. He believed that a person grows old and dies very early due to the constant struggle with microbes. To increase life expectancy, he proposed a number of measures - sterilize food, limit meat consumption and consume fermented milk products.
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1956 - chemistry)
As a scientist, Semenov was engaged in the theory of "chain reaction", explosions and combustion. It turned out that these processes closely link physics and chemistry. Thus, N.N. Semenov became one of the founders of chemical physics. His research was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.
Nikolai Semenov preferred to focus on one task until the result was obtained. Therefore, he published a very small number of scientific papers. And if we use modern methods of assessing scientific achievements, which are based on the number of articles in scientific journals, Semenov would become the worst employee of the Institute of Chemical Physics for the entire time of its existence.
Lev Davidovich Landau (1962 - physics)
In the course of his scientific work, Lev Davidovich Landau had a chance to communicate with such pillars of modern physics as Albert Einstein, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and already at the age of 19, Landau makes a fundamental contribution to quantum theory. His concept of "Density Matrix" became the basis of quantum statistics.
Landau is considered a legend in the world of physics. He contributed to almost all branches of modern physics: quantum mechanics, magnetism, superconductivity, astrophysics, atomic physics, the theory of chemical reactions, etc. Landau is also the author of the theoretical physics training course, which has been translated into 20 languages and continues to be reprinted in the 21st century (the last edition in Russian was published in 2007).
Werner Heisenberg nominated Landau for the Nobel Prize three times - in 1959, 1960 and 1962. And finally, his efforts were rewarded, and Landau's work was appreciated. For his studies of liquid helium, Lev Davidovich Landau in 1962 became a Nobel Laureate.
Lev Landau also developed the "theory of happiness." He believed that every person must be happy, and for this you need to have a favorite job, family and close friends.
Nikolay Gennadievich Basov (1964 - physics)
On the basis of new fundamental physical principles, discoveries, new laws and inventions poured from a cornucopia.
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov specialized in quantum electronics. His research first proved the theoretical possibility of creating a laser, and then made it possible to create the world's first maser (differs from a laser in that it uses microwaves rather than light beams).
It was for "fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers on the laser-maser principle" Basov was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1964.
Until the end of his life, Basov continued to work in the chosen field. He designed several types of lasers that are still used today in various fields, and also investigated various fields of application of lasers, for example, in optics, chemistry, medicine.
Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1978 - physics)
Kapitsa's scientific specialization was magnetism. The scientist's contribution to science is highly appreciated, his name is given to: "Kapitsa's law", linking the electrical resistance of metals and the voltage of the magnetic field; “Kapitsa's pendulum” is a phenomenon of stable disequilibrium; the quantum-mechanical Kapitza-Dirac effect is also known.
Together with Landau, Kapitsa studied liquid helium and discovered its superfluidity. The theoretical model was built by Landau, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. But Peter Leonidovich had to wait for the recognition of his merits. Niels Bohr recommended Kapitsa to the Nobel Committee back in 1948, then repeated the recommendations in 1956 and 1960. But the award found its hero only 18 years later, and only in 1978 did Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa finally become a Nobel laureate - the last in the history of the Soviet Union.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (2000 - physics)
The scientific career of the scientist took place in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Alferov entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI) without exams. After graduation, he began to work at the A.F. Yoffe, where he took part in the development of the first domestic transistors.
Alferov's greatest scientific achievements are associated with electronics and nanotechnology. In 2000, his developments in the field of semiconductors and microelectronic components were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Alferov is the permanent dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of St. Petersburg State University, the founding rector of the Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.
Alferov is also involved in state policy, since 1995, being a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, where he defends the interests of the scientific community, in particular, opposing the recent reforms of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of biological sciences. Let us recall who the domestic biologists were (and we will briefly describe their discoveries) who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years, he led scientific expeditions studying the flora. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Collected a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed that it was possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up embezzlement charges. He died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Domestic biologists occupy a worthy place among the pioneers. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. World renowned invertebrate researchers include Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and was its director for a long time. He made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. He became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
I. I. Mechnikov (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries have been highly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1908 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and received his education at Kharkov University. Discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryological methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on the issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. Mechnikov's works were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera. The scientist was concerned with the aging process. He believed that premature death is caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, attributed a large role to the restoration of intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, and pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity have been made by Russian scientists and biologists and their discoveries? The first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Ivan Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I.M.Sechenov about brain reflexes and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at St. Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods for 10 years, studied the physiology of digestion in detail and received the Nobel Prize for this research. The next area of interest was higher nervous activity, the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the theme "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born into the family of an accountant. Graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, collected scientific material in European laboratories. Organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky National University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered the science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of the leaders in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist to use the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Kliment Timiryazev was a naturalist, researcher of photosynthesis and promoter of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, he graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the harvest. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Biological scientists of Russia and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and a breeder. His ancestors were small-scale nobles, from whom the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he tended the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began his breeding work on a rented, neglected estate. During the period of his activity he has bred more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.
A.A. Tikhomirov (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. At St. Petersburg University he received a law degree, but became interested in biology and received a second degree at Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner family, he received his education at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist investigated the brain and found a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that acts, conscious and unconscious, are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. He substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created a national school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century is the time when the great Russian scientists-biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. During his studies, he showed interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by tiny bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the ancestor of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the effect of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in a family of a manufacturer, educated at Moscow University. He is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article "Famous Russian scientists and biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.
The biography of each scientist allows you to better understand his path to great achievements and get acquainted with some interesting facts. In order to have an idea of the path taken by science, it is worthwhile to study in detail at least a few stories about its leading figures.
The most significant figures
In each of the directions, it is worth paying attention to the most significant scientist. So, the best British physician was Fleming. The most important inventor from Russia is Popov. Leonardo da Vinci, as a true man of the Renaissance, showed many varied talents. Pascal, Tesla and others are the best mathematicians and physicists, whose contribution is visible in modern life. Which of them is the most Everyone is worthy of attention equally.
Alexander Fleming
The future inventor of penicillin was born in August 1881 in the small Scottish town of Lochfield. After completing his secondary education, he went to London and became a student at the Royal Polytechnic Institute. On the advice of a professional physicist and his brother Tom, Alexander decided to study science, in 1903 he went to work at St. Mary's Hospital and began his surgical practice. After the war, where he saw many deaths, Fleming decided to find a cure that would deal with infections. Famous British scientists have already worked on the issue, but no one has succeeded in achieving significant results. The only thing that was invented was an antiseptic, which only reduces the protective functions of the body. Fleming proved that this treatment is not suitable for deep wounds. By 1928, he began studying bacteria from the staphylococcal family. Once, returning from vacation, Fleming found fungal colonies on the table, which infected harmful microorganisms. The scientist decided to grow the mold in its pure form and isolated penicillin from it. Until the forties, he perfected its shape and soon its production became large-scale and was accepted in hospitals. In 1944, together with his colleague Flory, he received a knighthood. The names of famous scientists reached the Nobel Committee, and already in 1945 they received a prize in the field of medicine. Fleming was made an honorary member by the Royal College of Physicians. Not all famous British scientists can boast of such achievements. Fleming is an outstanding talent and a man worthy of mention on any list of the best doctors in the world.
Gregor Mendel
Many well-known scientists did not receive a thorough education. For example, Gregor Mendel was born in July 1882 into a family of simple peasants and studied at a theological institute. He acquired all his deep knowledge of biology on his own. Soon he began teaching, and then went to the university in Vienna, where he began to study hybrid plants. With the help of many experiments on peas, he deduced a theory about the laws of inheritance. The names of famous scientists often went to their inventions, and Mendel was no exception. Gregor's works did not interest his contemporaries; he quit his job in the laboratory and became the abbot of the monastery. The revolutionary nature of his discoveries and their deep meaning became noticeable to biologists only at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the death of Gregor Mendel. Well-known scientists of Russia and the world use his theories even now. Mendel's principles are taught at a basic level in schools.
Leonardo da Vinci
Few famous scientists are as popular as Leonardo. He was not only an outstanding physicist, but also a creator, his paintings and sculptures admire people all over the world, and his very life is a source of inspiration for his works: he is a truly interesting and mysterious person. The greatest figure of the Renaissance was born in April 1452. Since childhood, Leonardo was fond of painting, architecture, sculpture. He was distinguished by an impressive knowledge of natural science, physics and mathematics. Many of his works were appreciated only after centuries, and contemporaries often did not pay attention to them. Leonardo was fond of the idea, but he failed to implement a working project. In addition, he studied many of the laws of fluid and hydraulics. Famous scientists are seldom famous as artists either. Leonardo is also a great artist, the author of the famous "La Gioconda" and the painting "The Last Supper". Numerous manuscripts also remained after him. Many foreign and well-known Russian scientists still use da Vinci's developments, created by him before 1519, when he died while in France.
Blaise Pascal
This French scientist was born in June 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, the son of a judge. Pascal's father was known for his love of science. In 1631, the family moved to Paris, where Blaise wrote his first work on the sound of vibrating bodies - this happened when the boy was only 11 years old. Few famous scientists in Russia and the world can boast of such an early success! Blaise surprised people with his mathematical abilities, he was able to prove that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. At 16, he wrote a treatise on a hexagon inscribed in a circle. On its basis, the famous Pascal's theorem will later be developed. In 1642, Blaise developed a mechanical calculating machine that could perform addition and subtraction. However, like many other famous scientists and their discoveries, Blaise with his Pascaline never became too famous among his contemporaries. Today his variations on the theme of calculating machines are kept in the best museums in Europe. In addition, Pascal's contribution to science is invaluable - modern scientists also use his calculations.
Alexander Popov
Many famous Russian scientists have made inventions that are still used by the whole world. These include the creator of the radio, who was born in the Ural village in the family of a priest. He received his first education in a theological school, after which he entered the seminary. Having gone to the University of St. Petersburg, Popov faced financial difficulties, so in parallel with his studies he had to work. Alexander became interested in physics and began teaching it in Kronstadt. From 1901 he served as a professor at the Institute of Electrical Engineering in St. Petersburg, and then became its rector. Inventions and experiments remained the main interests of his life. He studied electromagnetic oscillations. In 1895 he introduced the radio to the public. Since 1897 he worked on its improvement. Popov's assistants Rybkin and Troitsky confirmed the possibility of using it to receive signals by ear. Popov made the final modifications and thereby created a device that is now in almost every home.
Nikola Tesla
This scientist was born in Austria-Hungary. Like Popov, Tesla was the son of a priest. In 1870 he graduated from high school and entered the school, where he became interested in electrical engineering. For several years he worked as a teacher in a gymnasium, after which he went to the University of Prague. At the same time, Nikola worked in a telegraph company, and then at Edison. All the years of study I tried to invent an electric motor operating on alternating current. He moved to the USA, where he did a successful job improving the machine, created by Edison. However, Tesla did not receive money from that, after which he quit and founded his own laboratory in New York. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Nicholas already had several patents - he invented a frequency meter and an electricity meter. In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize. He never stopped work and made a significant contribution to science, died in 1943 after an accident - Tesla was hit by a car, and broken ribs led to too complex pneumonia.
Friedrich Schiller
As everyone knows perfectly well, famous scientists can be not only in the field. An excellent example for this is the historian and philosopher, who did a lot for his fields of knowledge and made an invaluable contribution to the literary heritage. He was born in 1759 in the Holy Roman Empire, but in 1763 he moved with his family to Germany. In 1766 he ended up in Ludwigsburg, where he graduated from the medical faculty. Schiller began to create while still studying, and in 1781 his first drama was published and received such recognition that the next year it was staged in the theater. This piece is still considered one of the first and most successful melodramas in Europe. Throughout his life, Schiller worked, translated plays from other languages, and also taught history and philosophy at universities.
Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow is a confirmation that famous scientists can be not only mathematicians and physicists. Absolutely everyone knows his theory of self-realization. Maslow was born in 1908 in New York. His parents mistreated and humiliated him in every possible way, and his Jewish origin became the reason for anti-Semitic antics on the part of his peers. This developed an inferiority complex in little Abraham, which caused him to hide in the library and spend his days reading. Later, he gradually began to establish himself in life - first in High School, participating in various clubs, and then at the Faculty of Psychology, where he received his master's degree in 1931. In 1937, Maslow became a faculty member at Brooklyn College, where he worked for most of his life. When the war began, Maslow was no longer fit for service, but at the same time he learned a lot from this bloody event - it influenced his research in the field of humanitarian psychology. In 1943, Maslow developed his famous Theory of Personality Motivation, in which he stated that every person has a pyramid of needs that require satisfaction in order to self-actualize. In 1954, he published the book "Motivation and Personality", where he explained his theory in as much detail as possible and developed it.
Albert Einstein
Any discussion on the topic "Famous scientists and their discoveries" will not be complete without mentioning Albert Einstein, a genius physicist who is at the origin of the modern understanding of this science. Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, was always a modest and quiet boy, did not stand out from the rest of the children. It was only when he became interested in Kant that Einstein discovered his talent for the exact sciences. This helped him successfully graduate from high school, and then the Zurich Polytechnic in Switzerland, where he moved. While still in technical school, he began to write various articles and other works, to conduct research. Naturally, this eventually led to a number of discoveries that are known to the whole world - the theory of relativity, the photoelectric effect, and so on. After a while, Einstein moved to the United States, got a job there at Princeton and set himself the goal of working on the theory of a single
André-Marie Ampere
Famous scientists in the world who have worked in the field of physics are not limited to Einstein. For example, André-Marie Ampere was born in 1775 in France. His father did not want his son to study centrally, so he taught him himself, and books helped him in this. Ampere was literally brought up on the works of Rousseau, which affected his future work. After the Revolution and the death of his father, Ampere marries and returns to normal life. He continues to teach, and in 1802 he became a teacher of mathematics and chemistry at one of the schools. However, at the same time, he was conducting research on his famous theory of probability, because of which he ended up in the Paris Academy and wrote one of his most recognized works - "Mathematical theory of games". In 1809, Ampere received the title of professor, and in 1814 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. After that he moved on to research in the field of electrodynamics, and in 1826 created his most famous work - "A Scientific Essay on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena".
Everything that surrounds us now, everything that we know and can do, is their merit. Who are we talking about? That's right, about the most famous scientists. Only their extraordinary work and the greatest discoveries contribute to the progress of mankind!
Great thinkers of antiquity
Ancient Greece is famous for its famous philosophers who tried to define the essence of being, interpret the thoughts and actions of man, and think about the problems of nature.A striking example is the Greek philosopher Democritus. He was the first to submit the idea of the presence of an atom as the basis for the structure of substances. After his thought began to develop and Epicurus. They wrote down all their assumptions in a scientific treatise, which was burned during the reign of the religious worldview. Only small fragments of their records have survived to this day, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Greek thinkers. Lucretius Kar became the follower of the atomists (as Democritus and Epicurus are called). He wrote an essay "On the nature of things", which traced the theory of atomic structure.
Plato created his own school for the most gifted people, where he talked with them on various philosophical topics. His best student was Aristotle. This man had an amazing curiosity and was incredibly intelligent. He wrote dozens of books on almost all branches of modern science: physics, metaphysics, meteorology, and even zoology.
Archimedes also contributed significantly to the development of physics. Quite popular is the story of his discovery of the law of buoyancy. When he plunged into a full bath, water flowed over the edges. Shouting "Eureka", Archimedes ran to write down the computational formulas and proved the presence of buoyancy. In addition, the scientist developed the "golden rule of mechanics" and the theory of simple mechanisms.
He made a huge contribution to mathematical science, discovering the number Pi, which is currently used by all scientists for calculations. He proved the theorem on the intersection of 3 medians of a triangle at one point, discovered the properties of a curve named after him the spiral of Archimedes. Calculated the formula for the volume of the ball, and wrote the formula for the sum of a decreasing geometric progression. He helped defend his island of Sicily by finding a way to set enemy ships on fire during the war. When the warriors of the besieged city held mirrors in their hands and pointed them at the enemy ship, the sunbeams were focused into a single beam that ignited the ships.
Thanks to his calculations, it was possible to launch the ship "Syrakosia", huge for those times, with the help of block systems, which were controlled by only 1 person. The death of Archimedes is also surrounded by legend: when a Roman soldier stepped on the scientist's drawings, written on wet sand, Archimedes rushed to protect them. Unaware of the great abilities of the brave adversary, the warrior fired an arrow directly into the chest of the scientist, who died in his drawings, bleeding to death. What was written in the sand is still not known, but it is assumed that it was another brilliant discovery.
And how famous Hippocrates became, who made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. Despite the fact that at that time people believed in the emergence of diseases from the curse of evil spirits, the scientist incredibly accurately described many diseases, symptoms and methods of their treatment. In addition, he described human anatomy by examining the corpses of the dead. Hippocrates was the first to suggest the idea of curing not a disease, but a specific person. In the course of his observations, he came to the conclusion that the same disease in everyone proceeds differently. It was then that he began to research the types of temperament, human psychology and sought to find an individual approach to each patient. And today, graduates of medical universities traditionally vow to be merciful, selfless and help the sick always and everywhere, as the great Hippocrates bequeathed.
Socrates was also a popular philosopher of antiquity. He strove to draw knowledge from all possible sources, after which he willingly shared it with his students. It was thanks to them that the world learned about the thoughts of the great Socrates, because the philosopher himself was rather modest and never wrote down his thoughts, refused wealth and did not recognize his fame.
Herodotus is rightfully considered the father of history. A man who traveled all over the civilized world at that time and published his observations in 9 volumes of the treatise, which was called "History".
Confucius is still considered the most famous thinker in China. He himself grew up as a very obedient child who respected his elders, respected his parents and helped his mother in everything. Such simple foundations of education and human relationships, he explained to his students. It is the conclusions of Confucius about the rules of human upbringing that are the basis of any society.
The famous Pythagoras is a brilliant scientist of antiquity who made many discoveries that mathematicians use. The theorem on the equality of the sum of the square of the legs to the square of the hypotenuse, dividing numbers into even and odd, measuring geometric figures relative to the plane - all these are the discoveries of Pythagoras. In addition to mathematics, he made an enormous contribution to the development of natural science and astronomy.
The best Russian scientists
The legend of Russian science - Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. A person who has always strived for knowledge and criticized previously made discoveries. He made a huge contribution to natural science, physics, formulating the corpuscular-kinetic theory. On the verge of discovering oxygen and hydrogen molecules, he significantly accelerated the development of chemical science. He suspected a connection between chemical and physical phenomena, writing them down into a single branch of "physical chemistry".Lomonosov opened his own laboratory, created according to his drawings, where he conducted experiments with glass, improving the technology of its production. Also Mikhail Vasilievich was fond of astronomy, studying the motions of planets in the solar system. He opened a school of scientific and applied optics, where devices for night observation and an optical batoscope were created. Together with I. Brown, Lomonosov for the first time obtained mercury in a solid state. Developed a prototype of a modern helicopter. He studied atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov developed a geographic globe and a circumpolar map. In addition, Mikhail Vasilyevich became famous in the development of the rules of grammar and literary art.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. During the Crimean War, he worked as a surgeon, saving the lives of hundreds of wounded and developing surgical techniques. He was the first to use a plaster cast to fix bone fractures. He developed the tactics of medical care, depending on the severity of the patient's condition. Pirogov first presented the idea of using anesthesia during operations, since before that, all surgical procedures were performed live. And people died not so much from diseases as from painful shock. Pirogov also developed modern pedagogy, changing the approach to students from dictatorial to humane. Arguing this by the fact that students should learn not through strength, but of their own free will. To do this, you just need to interest them.
No less famous scientist of medical sciences - Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. He introduced physiology into the category of clinical disciplines and studied biological processes in the human body. He scientifically substantiated the importance of work and rest, studied unconditioned reflexes of the brain. He stated the importance of considering a person at the cellular level in order to better understand the etiology of a pathological condition.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov made important discoveries in the field of biology. He studied embryology and developed the phagocytic theory of immunity, proving the ability of a person to maintain resistance to various infectious pathogens. For which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In addition, he studied the causative agents of cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.
He declared the importance of intestinal microflora and was engaged in the study of lactobacilli in the body.
The discovery of the famous Pavlov reflex brought great popularity to Ivan Petrovich. Through long experiments, he was able to prove the ability of higher living organisms to develop new reflexes in the process of life. Many of his works are devoted to the study of the brain and higher nerve centers. And for his studies of the functions of the digestive system, Pavlov became a Nobel Prize winner.
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin devoted himself to the study of plants. Thanks to his many years of work, he ate new varieties of plants: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots, blackberries, mountain ash, gooseberries - named after him.
It is impossible not to mention the legendary scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Everyone knows its periodic table of the arrangement of chemical elements. He studied the chemical properties of various substances and conducted numerous experiments, disassembling this or that object into its components. In addition, he made a significant contribution to the development of physics, thinking about the relationship between the volume of gases and their molecular weight. He was the first to develop a model of a stratospheric balloon and a balloon. In addition, Mendeleev was interested in the issues of shipbuilding and the basics of the movement of ships on water.
The list of Russian scientists is incredibly long. Our science is famous for such legendary people who, through their labors, helped humanity rise to a higher standard of living. But even modern Russian specialists are actively involved in the development of science and are among the top ten according to Forbes magazine
The most famous scientists in the world today
Today, the most popular scientists are physicists Andrei Geima and Konstantin Novoselov. Now they are doing their research at the University of Manchester in the UK. They have more than 20,000 scientific papers on their account. Game and Konstantinov are recipients of the 2010 Nobel Prize for their discovery of graphene, which they obtained with a pencil and duct tape.The second place is taken by Maxim Kontsevich, a mathematician. Works at the Institute of Higher Scientific Research in Paris. Winner of the Poincaré, Fields, Craford Prize. Has a membership in the French Academy of Sciences. He is engaged in the study of superstring theory, the author of over a thousand scientific papers.
Andrei Kravtsov, who works at the University of Chicago in the USA, is famous in the field of modern astrophysics. He is studying the origin and formation of galaxies, as well as comparing the astrophysical properties of new and old galactic systems. Author of 9,000 publications.
Evgeny Kunin, employee of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the United States. Has published 50,000 scientific papers devoted to the study of evolution. He is involved in computational biology, namely the study of genomes through computer analysis.
Another well-known biologist working in the United States at Yale University and included in the National Academy of Sciences is Ruslan Medzhitov. He is engaged in immunology and the study of the Toll protein, which he found in mammals.
Artem Oganov is a renowned geologist at the American University of Stony Brook. He is engaged in the study of the structure of a crystal by a chemical formula. For this, he created a whole algorithm. It was this sequence that helped him predict the structure of a magnesium silicate crystal at a depth of more than 2,500 km underground. The famous physicist of the Catalan University for Advanced Study is Sergei Odintsov. He described dark energy, which saturates our Universe by 70%. For this he was awarded the attention of the Nobel Committee.
Grigory Perelman made a great discovery in the field of mathematics by solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems: the Poincaré conjecture. But he did not publish his decisions and turned down a cash prize of $ 1 million.
In the field of mathematics, Stanislav Smirnov, an employee of the University of Geneva, also became famous. In 2010 he won the Fields Prize. He is studying the emergence of infinite connected structures.
Gleb Sukhorukov, professor of chemistry at the University of London. He is engaged in the development of polymer capsules that will be able to deliver drugs in the body in a targeted manner without being destroyed under the influence of related substances.
Some discoveries of outstanding thinkers can turn into real cataclysms. ...
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