How is donated blood tested? What are the checks on donated blood? Donor blood testing. Tests and therapy

First, the blood is tested and then processed. The blood is then stored in a blood bank for some time before being used for transfusion.

Before donating blood, donors need to provide information about their health and the presence of certain diseases. To ensure that the blood transfusion procedure is safe, donated blood is carefully checked for various diseases and for confirmation of the blood type. This is done in case donors get their blood type wrong or if they have a medical condition they don't know about. Donated blood is tested for Rh factor for common A, B, AB, and O blood types, unusual antibodies, and blood types. If the result is positive for the disease, the donor is notified and the blood is not used.

Blood is also tested for the presence of certain infectious diseases, or pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and hepatitis B and C.

Other diseases that blood is tested for are West Nile virus, syphilis, Chagas disease, and T-lymphotropic virus. Tests also check the antibodies that the body's system produces. In some cases, blood is tested for nucleic acids created by viruses. These tests are necessary because a person may be exposed to the agents but not show symptoms, and these agents can be passed on to another person through a transfusion. During testing, the rest of the donated blood is usually processed to prepare it for use or to store it.

During the processing of donated blood, it is separated into components such as red blood cells, platelets and plasma by rotating in a centrifuge.

Plasma can also be processed further into a substance called cryoprecipitate. The components also undergo a process called leukoreduction, during which white blood cells are removed so that they do not interfere with the patient's immune system. The separated components can then be used to treat patients with various diseases, so one pint of blood can help more than one patient.

Next, the donated blood is placed in storage, on demand. Storage methods and storage times vary depending on the blood component. Platelets must be stored at room temperature and in constant motion, and have a shelf life of only five days. Whole blood can be refrigerated for up to 35 days, and red blood cells can be refrigerated for up to 42 days. Plasma and cryoprecipitate have a long shelf life of up to a year when frozen.

Ultimately, the donated blood is distributed to hospitals, which will use it for treatment. various diseases. Whole blood is often needed for surgery and trauma. Red blood cells can be used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia and ordinary anemia, as well as any other significant blood loss. Platelets are used to treat certain types of cancer such as leukemia, and plasma is used to treat blood clotting disorders and burns, and cryoprecipitate is often used in the treatment of hemophilia. Most blood banks supply all blood and blood components to hospitals daily, at any time of the day.

What tests are performed when donating blood from donors? They take 450 ml. 400 are taken and 50 are checked. What exactly are they checking for?

… At the end of the blood sampling procedure, directly from the blood system or a special sample bag included in this system, blood samples (up to 40 ml) are taken for examination (screening) for the presence of syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen, antibodies to the virus hepatitis C, HIV-1 and HIV-2, as well as to determine the activity of alanine aminotransferase, blood group according to the ABO system and Rh-affiliation. Depending on epidemiological situations, additional studies may be carried out ...

Are blood donations really that carefully screened in hospitals?

Or is it still not very good? Where is the evidence that she passes all the tests? Does the patient know one hundred percent what kind of blood will be poured into him?

The patient does not know exactly what kind of blood will be poured into him. When my father had a serious operation, the day before they gave me papers to sign that in case of infection with AIDS, hepatitis due to blood transfusion, the hospital is not responsible.

Especially for him, the donor donated blood, but they poured in another one, they simply did not pay for it.

At the transfusion point, it seems like they check donors, but how well it is not known.

At the blood transfusion point, no one checks the blood. There are specialized laboratories for this. - 3 years ago

First, you can check it here. Literally - take and read what is written on the container.

And secondly, when relatives give up, doctors are not afraid of the consequences. For example, during a transfusion, one of the doses caused an allergic reaction in me. But that was in Soviet time and analysis for allergens then did not.

If blood was given by close people - such reactions could not have been - that's why doctors are trying to take someone closer by kinship.

Another could be injected only in one case - if a person with a different group or Rhesus donated blood. In this case, a suitable one is simply taken from the blood bank, and the dose of the relative goes to the bank. - 3 years ago

Unfortunately, even in Russia, in oncology dispensaries, the medical staff becomes quite soulless over time.

Apparently - the costs of the profession. - 3 years ago

For objective reasons, I cannot say anything about a thorough check of donor blood, but I can tell you about the donation itself. My boyfriend has been donating blood and plasma for 3 years now. Before the very first delivery, he had to collect a bunch of certificates (an extract from a / c, an infectious disease specialist, a fluorography, an ECG, various tests, etc. for girls, a gynecologist), this procedure is repeated approximately every 2-3 months. Directly on the day of delivery, first you fill out a questionnaire about your well-being, did you have breakfast, did you drink or not, etc. Then they take blood from a finger, far from everyone goes beyond this stage (out of 5 attempts I passed only 2 times, because of hemoglobin they were not allowed). If everything is OK with the blood test, then a doctor’s examination follows (temperature, pressure, external examination), a young man with an abrasion on his arm was not allowed in with me. Then you go to donate blood. And no later than half a year later, you need to come back for a second donation so that your blood is put into circulation. That is, as you can see, it is not so easy to donate blood. If anything, I meant the blood transfusion station of the Moscow Health Department.

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Donor blood testing

Each donated blood unit is examined as follows:

• determine the blood group according to the systems (AB0, Rh- and Kell);
• tested for the presence of antibodies to red blood cells and
• for the presence of pathogens of four blood-borne diseases: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis and HIV.

In the primary donor, the blood type is determined according to the AB0 system already at the first visit, since the determination is carried out by the express method during the medical examination and later checked in the laboratory. The Rh factor is determined only in the laboratory, and the donor will recognize it at the second visit to the Blood Center.

Before donating blood, a drop of blood taken from the donor's finger is also determined by the level of hemoglobin. Norms of hemoglobin content:

If necessary, blood pressure and pulse are measured in donors. Their rules:

• blood pressure 100/60-180/100 mm Hg. Art.
• pulse beats per minute

Laboratory specialist Liina Teder determines the donor's blood group

In order to ensure the safety of blood, the following tests are given for each donated blood unit:

• hepatitis B surface antigen (Hbs Ag)
• Hepatitis B virus DNA (HCV DNA)
• hepatitis C virus antibodies (Anti-HCV)
• Hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA)
• HIV antibodies (Anti-HIV-1,2) and HIV antigen (HIV p24)
• HIV-1 virus RNA (HIV-1 RNA)
• the causative agent of syphilis

Donor blood tests are carried out in accordance with the directives of the European Union and the laws of the Republic of Estonia. In 2007, virus testing of donated blood took another big step forward and HIV antigen detection was replaced by HIV-RNA PCR molecular biology testing, which is the most sensitive and high-tech method to date. viral diagnostics. With this method, the length of the window period is only 8-12 days. By detecting HIV-RNA, the highest possible level of safety in donated blood is ensured.

All viral research blood donations are automated and produced using testing systems from internationally recognized companies. The analysis results are transferred from the analyzers directly to the Estonian information system blood services (EVI). The blood center cannot issue unanalyzed or inappropriate blood components as the EVI does not allow this.

If the results of the tests require additional verification, the donor is called for re-tests. The blood dose in which the infectious agent is found is destroyed.

Conditions for donating blood

Human blood is an irreplaceable material. No matter how many modern medicines are created, it is impossible to replace it. The shelf life of blood, unfortunately, is limited, so these components require constant replenishment. Not a single complex operation, recovery after severe blood loss or chronic pathologies is complete without donated blood. Of course, donating blood for donation is an important and generous thing. However, not everyone can be a donor. This is subject to certain conditions and laws. Below we will consider what are the rules before donating blood for donation, what you can and cannot eat, what is the cost and possible consequences of this procedure.

Who is eligible to donate

Who can be a donor? According to the current laws, donating blood as a donor is possible only on the condition of gratuitousness and voluntariness. Absolutely any person, regardless of gender, between the ages of eighteen and sixty years old, who has no contraindications to the procedure and has undergone a full examination, can be a donor.

One of the important conditions for donating blood is the body weight of the intended donor - it cannot be less than fifty kilograms. In addition, foreigners have the right to become a donor for someone. To do this, they must be completely legal in our country for a year.

The mass of the donor must be at least 50 kg.

Male donors are allowed to donate blood only five times a year, and women only four. In both cases, the interval between blood donations must be at least two months. This period is reduced to thirty days, if only the donation of blood components was carried out.

Training

What are the conditions and rules for donating blood to donors. It is necessary to carefully prepare for such a procedure. The donor at the time of blood donation should not feel any pain or discomfort. Before donating blood for donation, the rules provide for filling out a special questionnaire. As a rule, these are not difficult questions. The survey should indicate whether a recent surgery was performed, whether antibiotics, drugs were taken, whether a potential donor visited a dentist, and much more.

Unconditional contraindications are the presence of blood diseases, possible contacts with HIV-infected people. Some minor illnesses, as well as trips to other countries with long residence in its territory, may become some obstacle. This is especially true for some regions of America, Asia and Africa.

Analyzes

In the beginning, you should go through the simplest procedure for a donor - a complete blood count. The material is taken from the finger. Thus, a number of indicators are checked, for example, the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Doctors carefully examine the patient to identify various abnormalities. At this time, the results of testing for hepatitis C, A, B, syphilis and HIV infection are being prepared.

It should be taken into account that a complete examination is necessary every six months. If you do not show up for examination and testing on time, the donated blood will be destroyed. Only with positive results, the material can be used.

Donors who have a decent experience and donate blood every year regularly undergo a complete examination. It is very important. The therapist must provide a certificate of the diseases suffered by the patient during the year. Women should obtain a health certificate from a gynecologist.

Training

In this situation, some rules for donating blood to donors are provided, which guarantee not only a comfortable and passing procedure without negative consequences, but also guarantee that the donor blood will not harm the patient. Consider what you can and cannot eat, the main food of blood donors.

Preparing the donor before donating blood:

• Three days before a blood transfusion, it is forbidden to use drugs that have a blood-thinning property - this is analgin, no-shpa, and so on. It is best to tell your doctor about all medications you take.
• It is strictly forbidden to take alcoholic beverages 48 hours before the transfusion.
• It is worth giving up on some food groups - these are kefir, sour cream, yogurts, in a word, fermented milk products. The same list includes various smoked meats and sausages, chips, carbonated drinks, spicy, fatty and fried foods, as well as citrus fruits and even bananas.

Diet principles have been developed especially for donors. Her diet should include cereals, broths, fresh vegetables, cellulose. It is allowed to eat some fruits - apples, peaches, plums. Even a small amount of sugar is allowed. It can be, say, 1-2 teaspoons of honey.

It is also worth taking into account some practical tips:

• sleep well the night before the procedure;
• in the morning you can have breakfast, drink a cup of tea or juice, during the day you can drink drinking water;
• you should refrain from smoking a few hours before and after the transfusion;
• From dizziness will help a cup of tea, juice or mineral water, drunk immediately before the start of delivery.

Holding

During the donation of blood, the patient is in a comfortable position, the most comfortable conditions are created for him. Blood is taken from a donor using sterile instruments and vacuum systems. After four hours, you can safely remove the bandage.

Comfortable conditions are created for the donor during the procedure

The time taken for the procedure can be completely different. If this is the usual standard procedure, everything takes no more than fifteen minutes. If blood is donated for individual components, this requires the use of special equipment, so the process takes much longer. For example, donating blood for plasma will take about thirty minutes, and for platelets - more than an hour.

What to do after the procedure

• Firstly, during the first fifteen minutes you should not get up abruptly and worry, it is better to calm down and breathe deeply.
• At the first sign of dizziness, headaches, you should immediately inform the medical staff.
• During the day, it is not recommended to wet the bandage and take baths, as well as get involved in heavy physical exertion.
• For several weeks, eat properly and satisfyingly, drink plenty of water, get enough sleep, and do not drink alcohol.

Contraindications

There are many contraindications to donating blood for donation. Such a responsible process requires a special approach.

Some diseases include:

• syphilis;
• bronchial asthma;
• tuberculosis;
• radiation sickness;
• severe kidney disease;
• AIDS;
• disorders of the nervous system;
• eczema;
• ulcers and more.

Pros and cons

Is blood donation good or bad for health? In fact, blood transfusion does not harm the body. The blood donor is constantly examined, leads healthy lifestyle life, eat right. In addition, his blood is constantly updated, the immune system becomes more stable, rejuvenating the body and positively affecting its work as a whole.

Some unpleasant sensations include dizziness or even fainting after the procedure, a feeling of weakness, exhaustion. But such symptoms quickly pass and do not affect the vital activity of the body.

Some Features

Donating blood for donation has rules for women that are different from the conditions for the opposite sex. In addition to the fact that women cannot undergo the procedure more than four times a year, pregnant and lactating women can never be donors. In addition, blood sampling is not performed from the fairer sex during the menstrual cycle.

It is worth noting that a blood donor has the right to provide time off and this does not require the consent of the employer at all, it is enough to warn him about it.

Sample application for time off after donating blood

Donating blood for donation provides for a day off for one working day, during which the material will be collected. The employee also has the right to one additional day of rest, which he, at his discretion, can use during the calendar year.

Such pluses of donors include the provision of monetary rewards for the collected material. In each country and in each region, the cost varies. Donating blood for donation and its price, respectively, also depend on general condition donor health, blood type and availability bad habits.

As far as you can see, donating blood for donation is a truly noble act. Blood collected within fifteen minutes can save someone's life. In addition, the donor completely changes his habits, reconsiders his lifestyle, constantly controls the state of his body, and has the ability to prevent many diseases!

FAQ on blood donation. Part three. Blood donation procedure. About the safety of blood donation.

There may be some repetition due to overlapping topics. And mistakes due to my complete comatoseness 🙂 Correct.

However, various viruses are very often transmitted with blood to recipients. For example,

herpes, cytomegalovirus, papillomavirus. Hepatitis is also sometimes transmitted, because tests sometimes determine the presence of hepatitis only 3 months after it enters the bloodstream. Unfortunately, this is an additional risk, because. in patients with blood diseases, these diseases can develop in a very serious form. But all the same, the development of these viruses is not as scary as the main disease. Blood transfusions are still justified. Otherwise they wouldn't have done it.

it is clear whether the donor had a risk of infection. The sample form is here:

3. Do I need to take any additional tests before donating blood and platelets, or is the test done in the transfusion department sufficient?

The analysis must be taken every time, because there is always a risk of contracting some disease transmitted through the blood, and secondly, blood counts can change for various reasons (anemia, some chronic diseases).

Try to eat regularly and balanced, on the eve of delivery, follow a special diet

Drink more fluids

Refrain from drinking alcohol 72 hours before the procedure

Refrain from taking aspirin, analgin and medicines containing aspirin and analgesics 72 hours before the procedure

If possible, refrain from smoking one hour before the procedure.

Do not drink alcohol for three days

On the eve, exclude from the diet fatty, fried, spicy, smoked, dairy products, eggs, butter

Compliance with these requirements is especially important if you donate platelets or plasma. Neglecting them will not allow you to qualitatively separate your blood (separation of the necessary components).

In the case of donating platelets and granulocytes, the amount of blood taken depends on the weight of the donor (from 10 to 15 doses, about 300 milliliters with plasma). If you weigh less than 50 kilograms, you cannot donate blood components.

Sit for minutes immediately after donating blood

If you feel dizzy or weak - contact the staff (the easiest way out is to either lie down and raise your legs above your head, or sit down and lower your head between your knees)

Refrain from smoking for an hour before and after blood donation

Do not remove the bandage within 3-4 hours, try not to wet it

Try not to exercise during the day

Refrain from drinking alcohol during the day

Try to eat plenty and regularly for two days

Drink plenty of fluids for two days

Vaccinations after blood donation are allowed no earlier than 10 days later

Don't plan to donate blood right before exams, competitions, project submissions, during a particularly intense period of work, etc.

There are no restrictions on driving a car on the day of blood donation.

After each procedure, the "system" is disposed of. Therefore, the donor's blood has to be checked before donation in order to prevent the "loss" of the system. If blood cells were first taken and checked after the fact, then part of the blood taken would have to be discarded. But limited funding does not allow this. For example, in the RCCH, the available “systems” are not always enough even for the examined donors.

are restored in the donor's body within 4-6 weeks, and leukocytes and platelets - by the end of the first week. Plasma is restored within 1-2 days.

In order for the composition of the blood to recover faster, it is recommended to drink plenty of fluids - juices, tea. Necessary proper nutrition: protein should always be present in the donor's diet, on which the level of hemoglobin in the blood depends. Products containing protein - meat, beets, buckwheat, lentils, beans and all legumes, fish, etc.

If you are prone to anemia (low hemoglobin), you can take iron vitamins for a few days after donating.

After donating platelets, doctors recommend taking calcium vitamins, because when donating platelets, citrate (citric acid) is used, which flushes calcium from the body. Most the best remedy- calcium glucanate, sold in pharmacies for 5 rubles per pack, it is recommended to take it with lemon juice.

By the way, in Europe and the USA, where medical care is paid, many donate blood precisely for its timely, and most importantly, free check.

Sometimes the level of bilirubin can increase with difficulty in the outflow of bile and some liver diseases. A very high level of bilirubin may indicate the presence of cholecystitis. With increased bilirubin, it is recommended to follow a diet - limit fatty, fried and spicy.

Many donors experience a temporary increase in bilirubin levels. It can be back to normal in a few days. Therefore, if the donor has elevated bilirubin, then he can try to retake the test.

There are people whose bilirubin is constantly elevated. This may be due to congenital enzymatic deficiency (the so-called Gilbert's syndrome), which does not affect well-being in any way, but is detected by a biochemical blood test. In this case, it is not possible to reduce bilirubin with diets. You can ask this question to a transfusiologist on the Internet at www.transfusion.ru Perhaps the doctors will give a more detailed answer or advise something.

According to the specialists of the Blood Center, the meaning of determining bilirubin in donors is not entirely clear. This indicator is many times less informative than mandatory markers. viral infections. Therefore, there is hope that some increase in this indicator in the near future will no longer affect the admission to donate blood.

An elevated level of white blood cells (leukocytosis) indicates some kind of infectious process in the body (which means that the body is fighting the infection and increasing the production of white blood cells).

A low level of white blood cells indicates a weak immune system, but can also indicate blood diseases.

equipment. This is the so-called "system", consisting of packages for

platelets and plasma, tubes, needles and packets of saline and citrate

sodium. The system is fixed on the centrifuge of the apparatus, but the separation of blood

occurs only within the system and the blood does not come into contact with the environment

There is an opinion that if you donate whole blood regularly, then the “overproduction” of blood begins in the body and the donor can no longer live without donating blood, because he feels a physical need to donate blood. This opinion is debatable, its conclusive evidence does not exist.

responsible for stopping bleeding).

plasma, i.e. platelets and some plasma are separated, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. With a similar procedure, it is necessary to use a substance called CITRATE

SODIUM (sodium citrate trisubstituted 2-water). It is widely applied

in medicine for the conservation of blood and prevents clotting. If you say

simpler, a person’s blood is thick, and citrate, as it were, “dilutes” it, does not give

curl up during the transfusion procedure and speeds up the donation process

the time of platelet donation, the donor is given an injection of glucanate several times

calcium - to restore the level of calcium in the body. In addition, doctors

The best of them are CALCIUM D3 NIKOMED or Calcium Vitrum. These are very good

funds (but also expensive), they are usually prescribed to our children after

chemotherapy, which also destroys calcium in the bones. There are also cheaper

a Russian-made product - you can buy calcium glucanate in a pharmacy

in tablets, it costs 2 rubles per pack. It must be taken with a drink.

juice. Doctors say that this way of restoring calcium is not at all

worse than expensive imported funds.

therefore, with regular platelet donation (more than 10 times a year), it is possible

development of the citrate reaction. It lies in the fact that the body can no longer

tolerate the entry of citrate into the blood (because it occurs too

often). The citrate reaction may consist of feeling unwell during and

after donating platelets, weakness, nausea, dizziness, as well as a strong

chills. All these sensations can occur during the donation of platelets and

platelets until the citrate reaction begins. Similar reaction

usually occurs after several YEARS of regular platelet donation, and

also if you take it too often.

try to donate platelets every two to three months, and also take

calcium vitamins after donation. Also, be sure to tell your doctor

if you do not feel well during the blood donation.

stimulants do not lead to any negative consequences for the body. After the blood donation, the donor may feel slight pain in the bones for some time. It comes from stimulation of the bone marrow. There may also be sensations reminiscent of a cold - this is due to an increase in the release of granulocytes into the blood as a result of stimulation. With granulocytapheresis, citrate is also not used (it is replaced by heparin), and calcium is not washed out of the bones. If we become aware of some more details of the effect of granulocytapheresis on the health of the donor, we will definitely

To get rid of a bruise, you need to mix troxevasin and heparin ointment and apply a bandage with this mixture on the bruise.

Checking the quality of donated blood

Each donation is examined, - says Esfir Lazarevna. – In addition, we have a so-called surrogate test for hepatitis, which characterizes the functioning of the liver. It can detect hepatitis B or C disease as early as incubation period when a routine examination does not “give it out”. A positive result forces the donor to be re-examined after some time, because the test is also sensitive to ordinary food poisoning.

Since 1998 in the USA, since 2000 in Europe, and starting this year we are planning to use high technologies in the HIV testing industry. The opinion that it is impossible to detect HIV earlier than 3-6 months after infection, to put it mildly, is “outdated”. Antibodies to this virus begin to be produced after the second week of infection, and the "gray conversion window" - the period of inability to detect a virus marker - depends on the method of testing. The “window” of fourth-generation test systems that detect both antibodies and antigen ranges from 3 weeks to 2 months. Belarus uses these systems today. Developed countries have already switched to tests, which have reduced the “window” to 5-16 days.

Some people think that all donated blood should be frozen for up to 6 months and not used until the donor has been donated again. In reality, neither the first nor the second can be provided. Moreover, it is worth noting that blood is harvested by components - plasma, erythrocyte and platelet mass, etc. Quarantinization, or prolonged freezing, of plasma is carried out quite widely in the world. And the high-cost method of freezing red blood cells is very limited. In addition, it cannot be stored for more than days. And the "shelf life" of platelet concentrate does not exceed 3-5 days. It is also interesting that, in practice, fresh frozen plasma is used much more often than quarantined plasma.

The method of initial screening should directly guarantee the safety of blood, on which the term and volumes of quarantine depend, - adds Esfir Lazarevna. – Refrigeration equipment may fail, and the donor may not come a second time. Thanks to the use modern methods blood tests, we have actually reduced the risk of virus transmission. Today, there is one estimated case of HIV infection in 500,000 transfusions and one case of hepatitis C in 200,000. Next year, we plan to purchase equipment to create a NAT inspection laboratory, which will allow us to recognize nucleic acids viruses and reduce the chance of transmitting viruses through donated blood by four times.

According to 2005 data, in countries with a low human development index, untested blood was transfused for HIV in 7 percent of cases, for hepatitis B in 7 percent, for hepatitis C in 47 percent and for syphilis in 60 percent of cases. In high human development countries, 0.1 percent of untested blood is transfused for HIV. In Belarus - 0 percent of such cases.

Svetlana BORISENKO, Zvyazda newspaper, 2007.

What is blood donation tested for?

What do they donate blood for?

In the section Other about health and beauty, to the question What tests are carried out when donating blood from donors? They take 450 ml. 400 are taken and 50 are checked. What exactly is the best answer given by the author of Weeman checked for? Well, I’m about: jaundice, AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases. maybe something else

Check for infections. Alcoholism is not transmitted through the blood :-). Therefore, alcohol is not tested. Only for AIDS, syphilis, hepatitis, malaria and some other infections transmitted through the blood.

AIDS, syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hemoglobin, some biochemical parameters, blood type and Rh factor

… At the end of the blood draw procedure directly from the system with

Return visit to the blood transfusion station: if you really want to help.

The main desire that brings the donor to the blood transfusion station is the desire to help one's neighbor. But in order to fully realize their noble impulse, and to make sure that donated blood saves a person's life, donors need to come to the blood transfusion station regularly.

Rinat Gaptraufovich Gilmutdinov, Chief Physician of the Orenburg Regional Blood Transfusion Station, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Medical Sciences, explains why donors need such regularity.

Rinat Gaptraufovich, tell us why donors who donated blood once are invited to come to the blood transfusion station and donate blood again?

Donors are invited to conduct reanalysis blood to make sure that the donor's blood does not contain infections of HIV, hepatitis, syphilis.

But after all, donors pass all the necessary tests at their first donation, don't they? Why is this revalidation necessary?

Yes, after each donation, donor blood is subject to laboratory testing for immunological parameters (group and Rh affiliation, the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies), as well as testing for infectious markers (HIV, hepatitis B, C, syphilis).

Blood components such as platelets and erythrocytes undergo additional processes cleansing from possible viruses. These are virus inactivation for platelets and filtration for red blood cells. Having passed all these stages, platelets and erythrocytes become as safe as possible for the recipient.

But such a blood component as plasma can be stored longer than platelets and erythrocytes. In the presence of infection, plasma contains the majority of viruses.

And donors are called in for repeat blood tests precisely to make sure that their plasma, stored at the blood transfusion station, does not contain viruses.

Chief Physician of the Orenburg Regional Blood Transfusion Station, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Medical Sciences Rinat Gaptraufovich Gilmutdinov.

Rinat Gaptraufovich, why is the period after which the donor must undergo a second blood donation procedure 3-6 months?

Infections that can be contained in plasma have a so-called hidden period virus carriers. This means that these infections cannot be detected during the first donation of blood from a donor. It is only after a period of 90 to 180 days that we can say with certainty whether this plasma contains viruses or not. The issuance of plasma to a medical institution is possible only after the donor reappears no earlier than 180 days later, and if he has a negative result for infectious markers of HIV, hepatitis, syphilis). That is why it is so important for donors to come back for re-examination.

What is the plasma quarantine method?

Quarantine, that is, quarantine storage of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), is the storage of FFP with a ban on its use for a certain period of time. For storage, special medical freezing equipment is used, which has a certificate of conformity and maintains a constant temperature not higher than C. After quarantine, FFP can be stored under such conditions for up to 3 years without losing all of its medicinal properties.

It turns out that if a person donated blood and after 6 months did not appear for a second donation, he could not help those in need of a transfusion, and his plasma is disposed of?

Yes, if a donor does not appear, plasma is not issued to a medical institution for transfusion, it is written off according to the expiration date and disposed of. And, of course, it is a pity that it does not reach the patient who is in dire need of it. Our blood transfusion station constantly analyzes this category of donors and finds out the reason for their absence. Fortunately, the percentage of such donors is extremely small.

What reasons prevent donors from coming for a second blood test?

Among the most common reasons for non-appearance of donors, we note the migration of the population, conscription into the army, the appearance of various diseases in the donor, etc. Most of the people (80%) come for a second examination.

Rinat Gaptraufovich, please tell us about the activities that you carry out at the blood transfusion station to attract the attention of donors to re-examination?

We use an integrated approach in our work to ensure the turnout of donors for blood donation, starting with recruiting donor personnel and working with each donor individually, using various methods of contacting the donor: postcards, calls with an invitation to return blood, we work with our assistants at enterprises . The organization of visits to enterprises is carried out taking into account the terms of quarantine - 2 times a year.

Is it possible that one of the motives for a donor to come for a second donation is the opportunity to check their own health?

The main direction of our activity in attracting donor personnel is the promotion of a healthy lifestyle through donation. Lectures and talks are held before the Day of the donor in organizations, speeches in the regional media, distribution of information materials on donation. When talking with a donor, they talk about preserving their own health and measures to prevent various diseases. After all, the donor, coming to the blood transfusion station for re-examination, gets an additional opportunity to check his state of health.

Rinat Gaptraufovich, what would you like to say to donors who, for one reason or another, did not come to re-donate blood?

I want to wish our donors the most important thing in life - health! We are always waiting for them at the transfusion station and hope for mutual understanding in solving one of the most important tasks - providing patients in need with blood components and saving lives!

Rules for donating blood for men and women. Preparation for blood donation, payment for donation

Anyone can become a donor healthy man. But before you go to the blood transfusion station, you need to find out the basic rules for donating blood for donation.

preliminary stage

Everyone who plans to donate blood should prepare. For 48 hours you can not drink alcohol, smoking is also prohibited. True, if a person drinks alcohol often enough, then the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can be increased permanently. People who abuse alcohol should stop drinking a week before donating blood.

Due to the risk of an increase in the level of this enzyme, it is worth refusing to use lard, mayonnaise, butter, and sour cream on the eve of the examination. If the ALT indicator is increased, then the next time a potential donor can come to donate blood no earlier than in 3 months.

Experienced donors know how to prepare for a successful blood donation. Rules are necessary for people who are not yet familiar with this procedure.

When planning to become a donor, you need to reconsider your diet. On the eve of this procedure, give up fried, fatty, smoked foods. Do not consume butter, eggs and dairy products. The ingestion of a significant amount of animal proteins can lead to the fact that the blood will be difficult to separate into components.

Non-compliance with the diet leads to the fact that microparticles of fat are found in the blood serum in large quantities. She looks hazy. Such blood is not suitable for testing or transfusions. By the way, do not recommend eating bananas and nuts.

It is also important to pay attention to well-being. The rules for donating blood for a donation say that it is worth rescheduling the procedure if you feel unwell, you have weakness, dizziness or a headache. You should not go to the transfusion station if you had a sleepless night the night before.

Day of the procedure

Empirically, it was found that the body best tolerates significant blood loss in the morning. Therefore, most people take blood up to 12 hours. Breakfast on the day of the procedure is mandatory. You can eat any cereal on the water in the morning, cracker drinking sweet tea.

It is better to go to the blood transfusion station in advance and find out how they donate blood for donation. The rules are the same for everyone. By the way, do not forget to bring your passport with registration.

First, a potential donor is asked to fill out a questionnaire, where he indicates information about his health and lifestyle. After that, he should be examined by a therapist. He can additionally inform how blood is donated. Rules, preparation and diet are mandatory for everyone.

About 450 ml of biofluid is taken from each donor. Part of it is sent for analysis. The duration of the procedure depends on what exactly the person rents. It takes 15 minutes to collect this amount of whole blood. Plasma donation lasts about 30 minutes, platelets - 1.5 hours.

Behavior after the procedure

As soon as the blood draw is completed, the person should rest a bit. To do this, you just need to sit quietly for 15 minutes, drink sweet tea. In case of deterioration of health, dizziness, you should contact the staff. In order to comply with all the rules for donating blood for donation, it is necessary to abandon physical activity on this day. It is advisable to start smoking no earlier than two days after the procedure.

It is advisable not to remove the applied bandage for 3-4 hours. This should prevent bruising. But if it nevertheless formed, then at the place of its appearance it is advised to make compresses with heparin ointment. Instead, you can use the tool "Troxevasin".

It is also important to eat right: the body must receive all the necessary trace elements. After donation, you need to monitor the amount of fluid consumed, you need to drink at least 2 liters of water.

Temporary contraindications

There is a list of situations in which blood donation should be postponed. Rules, preparation, conditions are explained at each blood transfusion station. But not always people go to a preliminary consultation.

Every healthy person who is over 18 years old and weighs more than 50 kg can become a donor. But even people who are suitable for these parameters can receive a medical exemption for a certain period from the moment of recovery.

Temporary contraindications include the following.

1. Infectious diseases:

• a history of malaria (3 years);
• ARVI, tonsillitis, influenza (1 month);
• typhoid fever (1 year);
• other diseases (6 months).

2. Risk of infection with bloodborne diseases:

• transfusions of blood and its components, surgical interventions, including abortions (6 months);
• acupuncture treatment, tattooing (1 year);
• being on business trips lasting more than 2 months (6 months);
• stay more than 3 months in countries endemic for malaria (3 years);
• contacts with persons with hepatitis A (3 months), B and C (1 year).

3. Extraction of teeth (10 days).

4. Acute form of diseases or exacerbation of chronic pathologies (1 month).

5. Exacerbation of allergic diseases (2 months).

6. Vaccinations: blood donation rules provide for a medical exemption, the duration of which is determined depending on the type of vaccine.

If you are taking any medications, please tell your doctor before donating blood. After the use of antibiotics, a two-week break is necessary. If you drank analgesics or drugs related to the salicylates group, then you need to wait 3 days.

Absolute contraindications

There is a list of diseases in the presence of which a person can never be a donor. These include hemotransmissible diseases. Among them are:

Also not suitable for people with certain somatic diseases. These include:

• blood diseases;
• malignant neoplasms;
• complete absence of speech and hearing;
• organic lesions of the central nervous system;
• mental patients, people suffering from drug addiction and alcoholism;
• respiratory diseases (asthma, emphysema, obstructive bronchitis, bronchiectasis);
• cardiovascular diseases (hypertension of 2-3 degrees, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocarditis, endocarditis, recurrent thrombophlebitis, heart disease);
• diseases of the digestive system, liver, biliary tract (ulcers, Achilles gastritis, cirrhosis and other liver diseases, calculous cholecystitis);
• kidney disease (urolithiasis, focal and diffuse kidney damage);
• problems with connective tissue;
• radiation sickness;
• endocrine diseases that are accompanied by metabolic disorders;
• chronic purulent-inflammatory and acute diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
• eye diseases (myopia more than 6 D, trachoma, blindness, residual effects of uveitis);
• organ resection operations, tissue and organ transplantation;
• skin diseases (psoriasis, pustular and fungal lesions).

Time slots

If you have carefully read all the contraindications, you can first determine whether you are shown to donate blood for donation. It is better to find out the rules (how to donate blood) after reading the full list of contraindications.

If you fit all the points, then the therapist can admit you to the procedure. Many come to donate blood again. But you can't do it too often. The break between these procedures should be more than 60 days. Men are allowed to donate blood up to 5 times a year, women - up to 4 times.

True, these restrictions are set for those cases when whole blood is taken from a person. The interval between donating plasma and other components is 30 days. Plasmapheresis can be repeated every 2 weeks. The same break is set for plateletpheresis and leukocytapheresis.

Nuances for women

Despite established gender equality, there are points that cannot be ignored. Therefore, the rules for donating blood for women are slightly different. They can donate blood no more than 4 times a year. But this is not the only limitation. Pregnant women and nursing mothers cannot be donors. It has been established that at least a year must pass from the moment the baby is born, and after the end of lactation - more than 3 months.

In addition, they do not take blood from women during critical days. It is necessary to wait 5 days after the end of menstruation, only after that you can go to the transfusion station.

Donation Payment Issues

A few years ago, people who decided to donate blood could take monetary compensation. For example, in Moscow you could get about 1000 rubles. instead of free meals. They were also paid 650 rubles. for every 100 ml of biomaterial. Payment for blood donation in other regions was lower. But active donors received almost 2 times more.

In 2012, a new law was passed, the provisions of which aim to make blood donation free and voluntary. Donors are now only entitled to free food and a number of social guarantees. But at the federal level, they can establish cases in which it is possible to donate blood for a fee.

The main idea of ​​the new law is that people should become donors not because of the monetary compensation due, but for the sake of saving lives. The money that went to pay is now spent on propaganda. This should attract a larger number of conscious citizens who do not think that this is just an income - donating blood for donation. The rules (payment, by the way, is provided for honorary donors) such people, of course, must also comply, because they do this not for the sake of a small amount, but with a good goal - to save someone's life.

Always and all over the world, people needed blood. For major operations, in some cases, plasma transfusion is necessary. Also, such material can be useful for the treatment of various ailments. It is worth noting that it is very difficult to donate blood for donation. The rules of this procedure require the preparation and observance of a certain regime. This is what will be discussed in this article. You will find out what kind of preparation is needed for the delivery, how the procedure goes and what needs to be done after it.

Donation or voluntary donation of blood

To begin with, it is worth saying a few words about this concept. Donation is a voluntary donation of material for further use by third parties.

Most often, blood is used for transfusions, the creation of certain medicines and special treatments. The donor is the person from whom the material is taken. It is worth noting that not everyone is suitable for this role. Some conditions must be met.

Donating blood for donation: preparation rules and conditions

There are several rules that are spelled out in medical legislation. Only if they are observed can a person become a donor. Sometimes it turns out that there are much more people who want to pass the material than those who can go through this procedure. Consider the terms and conditions of this event.

Citizenship and age

Who can donate blood? The rules require the donor to be a citizen of the country in which the procedure is performed. In the Russian Federation, it is also forbidden to become a blood donor before reaching the age of eighteen.

In some cases, a person can become a source of blood much earlier, but for this it is necessary to undergo additional examinations and have good reasons for such urgency.

No contraindications

Before the procedure, a person always undergoes a medical examination. Donating blood for donation (rules for women) is prohibited in case of pregnancy and breastfeeding. Also, the fair sex should not weigh less than 50 kilograms.

Donating blood for donation (rules for everyone) should be carried out only with absolute physical and mental health. If you have recently suffered, then you can become a source of blood no earlier than 2-3 weeks after complete recovery. It is forbidden to donate blood to persons who have not undergone a medical examination or those who have incompatible diseases.

First step towards donation

If the procedure of donating blood for donation does not scare you, and you want to become a source of this material for the needs of third parties, then you need to take the first step. First you need to contact a medical institution. The receptionist will ask you to fill out a formal questionnaire. There you need to indicate your real data: age, name, citizenship, gender and the purpose of submitting the material. It is worth noting that if you want to donate blood for a specific person, then this must be indicated in this questionnaire.

Examination and testing

Donating blood for plasma (donation) involves a small medical examination. You will be asked to donate blood from a finger. This procedure is carried out strictly on an empty stomach on a certain day. According to the results of the analysis, it will be possible to say about the state of your body. It is with this conclusion that you have to go through

Conversation with a doctor

The specialist receives your analysis and compares the data with the norm. It is necessary that hemoglobin is within normal limits, and there are also no leukocytes, which indicate an inflammatory process.

After that, the doctor interviews the donor. You will need to answer some questions honestly. It is worth recalling that in this conversation a secret is also kept. The doctor is not entitled to distribute the information received for personal purposes. The specialist will ask you about living conditions, bad habits and previous diseases.

Do they differ in different settlements requirements for those who are allowed to donate blood for donation? The rules of Kemerovo and Moscow, Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk and Sochi, as well as all other cities, are the same throughout the country. So, donation requires a person to be free from alcoholism, HIV infection, AIDS, syphilis, hepatitis and other diseases. Of course, the received material will be checked for the presence of these ailments, but if you know about their presence, you should immediately admit it.

Preparation for the collection of material

The conditions for donating blood for donation include following a certain diet and regimen for several days. A person who becomes a source of blood should not drink alcoholic beverages for two days. You should also avoid fatty and fried foods. It is necessary to limit yourself in the use of spices and salt.

For five days, you need to exclude various drugs. It is strictly forbidden to use aspirin and other substances that thin the blood. If you are taking a course of pills, then you need to finish it and only after that start donating.

A few days before the procedure, you need to lead a correct lifestyle, but you can not get carried away exercise and tense up a lot. Try to relax more and spend time outdoors. When you arrive at the blood collection room, your blood pressure, sugar level and temperature will be taken. Women will need to tell their doctor about the start date of their last menstrual period. Remember that you can not donate blood during menstruation and immediately after them.

During the procedure

A donor can donate up to 500 milliliters of blood at a time. During the procedure, the person should be in a comfortable position. Donor material is taken gradually. In this case, the doctor monitors the pressure and condition of the blood source.

Most often, donor rooms are equipped with special reclining chairs. It is in it that the person who donates blood sits down. Before the procedure, the donor is offered to drink sweet tea and eat a small bun or cookie. You should also drink plenty of fluids before the procedure. In some cases, water is provided at the time of material collection.

After placing the donor in the chair, the medical staff treats the skin in the area of ​​the elbow. For disinfection, alcohol or iodine solutions are most often used. Next, a needle with a catheter is inserted into the vein. It is venous blood that will be the donor material. If necessary, another puncture site can be selected, but it is preferable to use the elbow bend for this.

Blood sampling lasts from 10 to 30 minutes. When the container is full, the needle is removed from the vein, and a tight bandage is applied to this area. You can only take it off after 4 hours.

After the procedure

After donating blood for donation, a person is offered to lie down for some more time. You can not get up abruptly, as you may feel dizzy and lower blood pressure. Before releasing the donor, the doctor once again measures blood pressure and makes sure that the person feels normal.

The resulting blood is sent for research. Until the moment when it enters the body of another person, at least six months will pass. During this period, the material will undergo various studies. The next material sampling procedure can be carried out no earlier than two months later. After donation, it is necessary to adhere to certain rules for a few more days.

Fluid intake

Immediately after the procedure, you must start drinking water. It is worth noting that the liquid should not contain gases. If desired, you can diversify the drink with compotes or juices. During blood sampling, a person loses a lot of fluid, it must be replenished as quickly as possible. For several days you need to drink a lot of plain water.

Refusal of alcohol

Avoid consumption for at least three days alcoholic beverages. Everyone knows that ethanol contributes to the body of the donor and so has lost a lot of fluid. With a large amount of alcohol consumed, the consequences of donating blood for donation will be very deplorable.

Restoration of the bloodstream

Conclusion

Donating blood for donation is usually a positive procedure for the general condition of the body. The blood is subsequently replenished, and the person feels much better. Donate blood, become a donor!

• determine the blood group according to the systems (AB0, Rh- and Kell);
• tested for the presence of antibodies to red blood cells and
• for the presence of pathogens of four blood-borne diseases: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis and HIV.

In the primary donor, the blood type is determined according to the AB0 system already at the first visit, since the determination is carried out by the express method during the medical examination and later checked in the laboratory. The Rh factor is determined only in the laboratory, and the donor will recognize it at the second visit to the Blood Center.

Before donating blood, a drop of blood taken from the donor's finger is also determined by the level of hemoglobin. Norms of hemoglobin content:

• in women 125-165 g/l
• in men 135-180 g/l

If necessary, blood pressure and pulse are measured in donors. Their rules:

• blood pressure 100/60-180/100 mm Hg. Art.
• pulse 50-100 beats per minute

Laboratory specialist Liina Teder determines the donor's blood group

In order to ensure the safety of blood, the following tests are given for each donated blood unit:

• hepatitis B surface antigen (Hbs Ag)
• Hepatitis B virus DNA (HCV DNA)
• hepatitis C virus antibodies (Anti-HCV)
• Hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA)
• HIV antibodies (Anti-HIV-1,2) and HIV antigen (HIV p24)
• HIV-1 virus RNA (HIV-1 RNA)
• the causative agent of syphilis

Donor blood tests are carried out in accordance with the directives of the European Union and the laws of the Republic of Estonia. In 2007, another big step forward was taken in the testing of donated blood for viruses and the determination of the HIV antigen was replaced by the molecular biological test HIV-RNA PCR, which is today the most sensitive and high-tech method of viral diagnostics. With this method, the length of the window period is only 8-12 days. By detecting HIV-RNA, the highest possible level of safety in donated blood is ensured.

All viral testing of donated blood is automated and produced using testing systems from internationally recognized companies. The test results are transferred from the analyzers directly to the Estonian Blood Service Information System (EVI). The blood center cannot issue unanalyzed or inappropriate blood components as the EVI does not allow this.

If the results of the tests require additional verification, the donor is called for re-tests. The blood dose in which the infectious agent is found is destroyed.

When donated blood is taken, is it tested for HIV? And is the donor informed if the result is positive? and got the best answer

Answer from Yoni Smith[guru]
Of course, donated blood is checked. And if HIV is suddenly found, then you will not just be informed: they will put your entire polyclinic on the ears from the therapist to the infectious disease specialist, put it on the register, send it for re-analysis. Such diagnoses are not only not hidden - they reach the patient immediately (so that as few people as possible get infected from you). And if they can still pull rubber with hepatitis, then HIVAIDS and tuberculosis are a headache for the entire clinic to which you are attached.
Another thing is that the blood that you donated may not be immediately tested. It is much faster to take a referral for analysis from the infectious disease specialist (form 50) and submit it to the clinic. The result is done in two weeks. Is free.
Source: mortuary worker

Answer from Alexei[guru]
...the blood is checked every time from you for HIV before being transfused to a sick person - if you regularly donate and submit a certificate every six months from a therapist and analyzes once a year, fluorography, ecg and urinalysis - you have nothing to fear. if you donate irregularly ... not often, as in your case, only the therapist of the blood transfusion station will tell you about all the diseases - since the personal health of the donor is known only to him - there is no such data in the registry. you can find out the blood result only after 2 days or the next time you come to donate blood.

Answer from Yergey Deryugin[guru]
if you think that you have HIV, then you can be anonymously tested by donating blood, for example, in a private laboratory where everything is anonymous, but it’s so difficult to say whether the blood is tested or not and whether the donor is informed if AIDS is detected during the test

Answer from Irene[newbie]
Blood is taken from you, then the necessary tests are done, and the blood is quarantined for 5-6 months, then the tests are monitored and if there are no problems, the blood is used as needed. If something is wrong, it is used for drugs, for experiments, etc.

Answer from Mr Uef[guru]
supposed to check
and they can only be reported when they are contacted again

Answer from foreigner[guru]
Yes, that's how it should be. You fill not only the container for donated blood, but also a few more bottles that go for testing.
But it will be very mean of you if you, under the pretext of a donor, do yourself an HIV test. If you have any doubts, you don't need to give blood, but you should go and get checked.
Forgive me if I over-imagined the situation and offended you, but your question suggests similar thoughts.

Answer from SMOKE[active]
Yeah, Badma, she's also being tested for future diarrhea!

Answer from Marat Aliulov[newbie]
all this is nonsense, the doctors don’t say anything and don’t warn, they will say when you feel bad and appear for a second examination, unfortunately you will have time to reward someone with some kind of infection during this time, something like this, if you are worried, then go anonymously , no need to wait for answers from the donor office,

Answer from Ivan Ivanov[newbie]
blood type and Rh factor;
biochemical analysis;
analysis for hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, cytomegalovirus, syphilis.

Answer from Badma Hogleev[newbie]
Is it tested for brucellosis?

Answer from Eagle[newbie]
At least read it properly before commenting. The girl wrote in Russian that she donated blood as a donor, and not to test for HIV. And you immediately - meanness, meanness. Completely crazy!

Answer from Alexandra[guru]
Yes, the blood, of course, is checked.
Cm. :
"...2.8. At the end of the blood sampling procedure, directly from the blood system or a special sample bag included in this system, blood samples (up to 40 ml) are taken for examination (screening) for the presence of syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen, antibodies to the hepatitis C virus, HIV-1 and HIV-2, as well as to determine the activity of alanine aminotransferase, blood group according to the ABO system and Rh affiliation. Depending on epidemiological situations, additional studies may be carried out ... "
Yes, the donor is, of course, informed.
> I did not donate blood under the pretense of donating blood for verification
But this is meanness on your part! If you have doubts about your health, you need to be checked in diagnostic centers, KVD, clinics, but not in the transfusion department. It should be attended by people who are confident in their health and who do not carry a risk for recipients! Testing donated blood for HIV, unfortunately, does not mean that the blood is safe, because there is a so-called seronegative phase - a latent period from the moment of infection to the onset of the disease, when antibodies to the infection have not yet been developed in the body. This is a dangerous and insidious moment when the test system cannot detect an infiltrated virus in the blood of an infected donor (see details on).
By the way, let me remind you that the following is written in the questionnaire, which the donor signs before donating blood:
"I have read (a), understood (a) and correctly answered (a) all the questions in the questionnaire, and also received (a) answers to all the questions I asked. I fully understood (a) the significance of the information received for my health and the health of the patient who will be transfused with components and drugs derived from my blood (plasma) If I am at risk for the spread of hepatitis B, C, HIV and other diseases, I agree (agree) not to donate blood (plasma) for other people • I understand that my blood (plasma) will be tested for HIV and other viruses.<...>
I am aware (a) that for concealing information about my HIV infection or a sexually transmitted disease, I am subject to criminal liability in accordance with Articles 121 and 122 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 1996, N 25, art. 2954)".

Today we set out to debunk the most common of them.

Donating blood is bad for your health

The amount of blood circulating in the body of an adult is on average 4000 ml. It has been proven that the periodic loss of 12% of this volume not only does not have a negative impact on health, but also works as a kind of training that activates blood formation and stimulates resistance to stress.

The volume of a single donation of donated blood does not exceed 500 ml (of which about 40 ml is taken for the purpose of analysis). The body quickly compensates for blood loss without any negative consequences.

Donating blood is painful and tedious

Modern donor stations are equipped with everything necessary to make a person donating blood feel comfortable. Unpleasant sensations of the donor are reduced to instant pain at the time of insertion of the needle. The further procedure is absolutely painless.

Donating whole blood takes about a quarter of an hour. After its completion, the donor may experience slight fatigue, therefore, on the day of the procedure, it is not recommended to engage in heavy physical labor or go on a long trip. The donation of blood components (plasma, platelets or red blood cells) can take up to one and a half hours.

There is a risk of infection of the donor

Many believe that the donor is at risk of getting one of the dangerous blood-borne infections (for example, the hepatitis C virus or HIV). At present, this is absolutely excluded: for blood sampling, only disposable instruments and devices are used, which are unpacked in the presence of the donor, and after the procedure they are immediately disposed of.

The need for donated blood is low

Blood transfusions are needed by patients who undergo complex surgical operations, women in labor with complicated childbirth, people with severe injuries or burns. Donor blood and its components are used in the treatment of leukemia and other oncological diseases. There are artificial substitutes for blood and plasma, but their use has a number of contraindications, as it sometimes leads to negative side effects.

In order to fully provide the health care system with the necessary amount of blood, donors must be one person out of 1000. In some European countries, this ratio has been achieved, but in Russia this indicator is still much lower than the norm.

According to statistics, every third person on our planet needs a blood or plasma transfusion at least once in their life. At the same time, blood of absolutely all groups is in demand, and not just rare ones, as is sometimes believed.

Anyone can become a donor

This is far from true. In Russia, you cannot become a donor:

• under the age of 18 or over 60;
• having a body weight of less than 50 kg;
• being infected with hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus or tuberculosis;
• having any disorders of the blood composition or diseases of the blood (hematopoietic organs);
• suffering from cancer.

Temporary restrictions on blood donation apply:

• for pregnant women (blood will be taken no earlier than a year after childbirth);
• for nursing mothers (they can become donors three months after the end of lactation);
• for women during menstruation (blood donation is allowed at least a week before it starts or a week after it ends);
• for people who have had the flu or SARS less than a month ago;
• for patients who have undergone surgical dental intervention (at least ten days must pass);
• for people who less than a year ago were treated by acupuncture, or who made a tattoo (piercing) of any part of the body;
• for patients who have recently undergone vaccination (the time elapsed before blood donation depends on the type of vaccine and ranges from ten days to a year).

In addition, a withdrawal from donation can be obtained if the tests on the day of the procedure show the presence in the body inflammatory process or traces of alcohol, elevated body temperature, or if there are serious abnormalities blood pressure. Men can donate blood no more than five times a year, and women no more than four times a year.

Donating blood for a transfusion involves a responsible attitude. The donor must abstain from alcohol two days prior to the procedure. You should refrain from smoking for at least an hour before blood sampling. Three days before the procedure, you must stop taking medications that reduce blood clotting (including aspirin and painkillers).

The donor must eat high-calorie foods before and after the procedure

A day before blood donation, you can not eat fatty, dairy, meat foods, eggs, smoked meats, chocolate, bananas, canned food and fast food.

It is important that the future donor does not make mistakes that may adversely affect his health. It is better to donate blood in the morning. Before the procedure, you need to sleep well, have breakfast, preferring porridge or pastries and sweet tea. After donating blood, you should eat a balanced diet (if possible, at least five times a day) and remember to drink plenty of fluids to compensate for blood loss.

Donating blood causes weight gain

Donation itself (including regular donation) does not affect body weight in any way. The risk of getting fat is for those people who, having misunderstood the recommendations for organizing nutrition, begin to intensively consume high-calorie foods for blood donation and cannot stop in time.

Donation is bad for appearance

Some women are hesitant to donate blood, believing that this will adversely affect the complexion and skin elasticity. In fact, regular donation activates the work of hematopoietic organs, makes blood renew itself faster, and has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the immune, cardiovascular and digestive systems.

Donors, as a rule, do not have problems with the tone and complexion of the skin. They are cheerful, fit, active and positive.

Regular donation is addictive

In this case, we can talk about addiction only in the sense of increased resistance of the body to various stresses, diseases and the negative effects of the external environment. So, regular blood donation teaches the body to quickly replenish blood loss, which can play a positive role in case of injury or illness, from which no one is immune.

It is clinically confirmed that donation reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular pathologies. Some men note that regular blood donation has a positive effect on potency.

For a successful blood transfusion, the donor and recipient must be of the same nationality.

The statement has nothing to do with reality. The compatibility of the donor and the recipient (the person receiving the blood transfusion) depends solely on the composition of the blood, that is, the presence or absence of certain proteins in it. For transfusion, blood group compatibility (AB0 system) and Rh factor matters. These indicators are distributed almost equally among different races and ethnic groups.

With a suitable protein composition, the donor's blood can be transfused to the recipient, regardless of gender, age or nationality.

The personal qualities of the donor can be transferred to the recipient

Prejudice has very ancient roots. It is consonant with the ideas of primitive people that by eating the organs of the enemy, one can acquire his strength, courage, intelligence and other wonderful qualities. A similar misconception existed in the Middle Ages, when blood was considered the bearer of a part of the human soul.

In fact, blood transfusion does not add any personal qualities and abilities of the donor to the recipient. It can only aggravate health problems if an unscrupulous donor allowed himself to donate blood without giving up bad habits. The reason here is by no means in the transmission of information encrypted in the blood, but in the fact that decay products of nicotine, alcohol and other toxins that can cause harm to health can enter the recipient's bloodstream. That is why the donor must be very responsible, and medical staff- attentive.

The church considers donation unacceptable

Donation is approved by major denominations as an act of self-sacrifice and a deed aimed at saving human life. Adherents of some sects who refuse blood transfusions and do not allow their children to undergo the procedure are making a huge mistake, which often leads to death. Many authoritative representatives of Orthodox Christians consider this a direct violation of the commandment "Thou shalt not kill."

Stocks of blood and its components are necessary to save people, and the donation procedure itself is painless, safe and even beneficial to health. We should not deny the positive psychological effect of donation: the consciousness that you are doing a selfless and noble deed increases self-esteem. In the absence of contraindications, donation is welcome.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

Education: First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, specialty "Medicine".

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When lovers kiss, each of them loses 6.4 calories per minute, but in the process they exchange almost 300 different types of bacteria.

The human stomach copes well with foreign objects and without medical intervention. It is known that gastric juice capable of dissolving even coins.

Every time a child has a fever, a sore throat, a runny nose and a cough, parents are worried about the question - is it a common cold or the flu? In fl.

Are blood donations really that carefully screened in hospitals?

Or is it still not very good? Where is the evidence that she passes all the tests? Does the patient know one hundred percent what kind of blood will be poured into him?

The patient does not know exactly what kind of blood will be poured into him. When my father had a serious operation, the day before they gave me papers to sign that in case of infection with AIDS, hepatitis due to blood transfusion, the hospital is not responsible.

Especially for him, the donor donated blood, but they poured in another one, they simply did not pay for it.

At the transfusion point, it seems like they check donors, but how well it is not known.

At the blood transfusion point, no one checks the blood. There are specialized laboratories for this. - 3 years ago

First, you can check it here. Literally - take and read what is written on the container.

And secondly, when relatives give up, doctors are not afraid of the consequences. For example, during a transfusion, one of the doses caused an allergic reaction in me. But this was back in Soviet times and no allergen analysis was done then.

If blood was given by close people - such reactions could not have been - that's why doctors are trying to take someone closer by kinship.

Another could be injected only in one case - if a person with a different group or Rhesus donated blood. In this case, a suitable one is simply taken from the blood bank, and the dose of the relative goes to the bank. - 3 years ago

Unfortunately, even in Russia, in oncology dispensaries, the medical staff becomes quite soulless over time.

Apparently - the costs of the profession. - 3 years ago

For objective reasons, I cannot say anything about a thorough check of donor blood, but I can tell you about the donation itself. My boyfriend has been donating blood and plasma for 3 years now. Before the very first delivery, he had to collect a bunch of certificates (an extract from a / c, an infectious disease specialist, a fluorography, an ECG, various tests, etc. for girls, a gynecologist), this procedure is repeated approximately every 2-3 months. Directly on the day of delivery, first you fill out a questionnaire about your well-being, did you have breakfast, did you drink or not, etc. Then they take blood from a finger, far from everyone goes beyond this stage (out of 5 attempts I passed only 2 times, because of hemoglobin they were not allowed). If everything is OK with the blood test, then a doctor’s examination follows (temperature, pressure, external examination), a young man with an abrasion on his arm was not allowed in with me. Then you go to donate blood. And no later than half a year later, you need to come back for a second donation so that your blood is put into circulation. That is, as you can see, it is not so easy to donate blood. If anything, I meant the blood transfusion station of the Moscow Health Department.

I was a donor for several years (until my health failed me).

I became a donor after I myself received transfusions after the discovery of ulcer bleeding.

I was especially interested in how it is checked in hospitals.

At EVERY blood donation (it doesn't matter if it's a regular donor or a newcomer to the hospital), an analysis is made for the main pathogens. Blood only after 3 weeks can get to the patient for whom a transfusion is necessary.

By the way - it is because of this that the most unpleasant stories happen - there may be the necessary blood in the Transfusion Station, but it has not yet been tested. And people are dying only because the doctor will not take responsibility for the risk of infection.

Blood transfusions save tens of thousands of lives every year. Until now, there is no technology capable of replacing this method of treatment.

Of course, the blood is checked carefully, as far as the equipment allows. The evidence will most likely be presented to you in the hospital, in the form of some certificates, conclusions. But I know one case. When the disease was not yet widely known viral hepatitis One woman received a blood transfusion and was infected with the disease. Found this disease when she was already a grandmother. In general, you will not envy her. Here it seems that no one is to blame, but the person suffered. But as they say, who does not risk, he does not drink champagne. If a transfusion cannot be avoided, it is better to think only about the good.

This disease is very insidious and, as far as I know, the medical staff (especially the operating room) is quite often affected by it. I won’t talk about statistics so as not to frighten in vain - but this disease is very insidious. - 3 years ago

As a conscientious donor, I can assume that blood is not carefully checked in our city, you can buy a commission that you need to go through before donating, this is usually used by factory workers to become honorary donors and choose vacations whenever they want. Personally, I don't understand how you can do that! But there are people who do not even know that they are infected with something. And in fact, in hospitals, when you transfuse, you sign a paper that the doctors do not bear any responsibility.

No, I don't believe in thorough screening of donor blood. Because he himself witnessed how the donor was simply asked about the diseases they had and they began to take blood. And there are many cases when a person accuses doctors that he was infected precisely during a blood transfusion. I don't trust doctors. If I had to receive blood, then only from relatives, in whom I am 100% sure. Otherwise, I run the risk of receiving a "gift".

Rules for donating blood for men and women. Preparation for blood donation, payment for donation

Every healthy person can become a donor. But before you go to the blood transfusion station, you need to find out the basic rules for donating blood for donation.

preliminary stage

Everyone who plans to donate blood should prepare. For 48 hours you can not drink alcohol, smoking is also prohibited. True, if a person drinks alcohol often enough, then the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can be increased permanently. People who abuse alcohol should stop drinking a week before donating blood.

Due to the risk of an increase in the level of this enzyme, it is worth refusing to use lard, mayonnaise, butter, and sour cream on the eve of the examination. If the ALT indicator is increased, then the next time a potential donor can come to donate blood no earlier than in 3 months.

Experienced donors know how to prepare for a successful blood donation. Rules are necessary for people who are not yet familiar with this procedure.

When planning to become a donor, you need to reconsider your diet. On the eve of this procedure, give up fried, fatty, smoked foods. Do not consume butter, eggs and dairy products. The ingestion of a significant amount of animal proteins can lead to the fact that the blood will be difficult to separate into components.

Non-compliance with the diet leads to the fact that microparticles of fat are found in the blood serum in large quantities. She looks hazy. Such blood is not suitable for testing or transfusions. By the way, do not recommend eating bananas and nuts.

It is also important to pay attention to well-being. The rules for donating blood for a donation say that it is worth rescheduling the procedure if you feel unwell, you have weakness, dizziness or a headache. You should not go to the transfusion station if you had a sleepless night the night before.

Day of the procedure

Empirically, it was found that the body best tolerates significant blood loss in the morning. Therefore, most people take blood up to 12 hours. Breakfast on the day of the procedure is mandatory. In the morning you can eat any cereals on the water, dry cookies, drink sweet tea.

It is better to go to the blood transfusion station in advance and find out how they donate blood for donation. The rules are the same for everyone. By the way, do not forget to bring your passport with registration.

First, a potential donor is asked to fill out a questionnaire, where he indicates information about his health and lifestyle. After that, he should be examined by a therapist. He can additionally inform how blood is donated. Rules, preparation and diet are mandatory for everyone.

About 450 ml of biofluid is taken from each donor. Part of it is sent for analysis. The duration of the procedure depends on what exactly the person rents. It takes 15 minutes to collect this amount of whole blood. Plasma donation lasts about 30 minutes, platelets - 1.5 hours.

Behavior after the procedure

As soon as the blood draw is completed, the person should rest a bit. To do this, you just need to sit quietly for 15 minutes, drink sweet tea. In case of deterioration of health, dizziness, you should contact the staff. In order to comply with all the rules for donating blood for donation, it is necessary to abandon physical activity on this day. It is advisable to start smoking no earlier than two days after the procedure.

It is advisable not to remove the applied bandage for 3-4 hours. This should prevent bruising. But if it nevertheless formed, then at the place of its appearance it is advised to make compresses with heparin ointment. Instead, you can use the tool "Troxevasin".

It is also important to eat right: the body must receive all the necessary trace elements. After donation, you need to monitor the amount of fluid consumed, you need to drink at least 2 liters of water.

Temporary contraindications

There is a list of situations in which blood donation should be postponed. Rules, preparation, conditions are explained at each blood transfusion station. But not always people go to a preliminary consultation.

Every healthy person who is over 18 years old and weighs more than 50 kg can become a donor. But even people who are suitable for these parameters can receive a medical exemption for a certain period from the moment of recovery.

Temporary contraindications include the following.

1. Infectious diseases:

• a history of malaria (3 years);
• ARVI, tonsillitis, influenza (1 month);
• typhoid fever (1 year);
• other diseases (6 months).

2. Risk of infection with bloodborne diseases:

• transfusions of blood and its components, surgical interventions, including abortions (6 months);
• acupuncture treatment, tattooing (1 year);
• being on business trips lasting more than 2 months (6 months);
• stay more than 3 months in countries endemic for malaria (3 years);
• contacts with persons with hepatitis A (3 months), B and C (1 year).

3. Extraction of teeth (10 days).

4. Acute form of diseases or exacerbation of chronic pathologies (1 month).

5. Exacerbation of allergic diseases (2 months).

6. Vaccinations: blood donation rules provide for a medical exemption, the duration of which is determined depending on the type of vaccine.

If you are taking any medications, please tell your doctor before donating blood. After the use of antibiotics, a two-week break is necessary. If you drank analgesics or drugs related to the salicylates group, then you need to wait 3 days.

Absolute contraindications

There is a list of diseases in the presence of which a person can never be a donor. These include hemotransmissible diseases. Among them are:

Also not suitable for people with certain somatic diseases. These include:

• blood diseases;
• malignant neoplasms;
• complete absence of speech and hearing;
• organic lesions of the central nervous system;
• mental patients, people suffering from drug addiction and alcoholism;
• respiratory diseases (asthma, emphysema, obstructive bronchitis, bronchiectasis);
• cardiovascular diseases (hypertension of 2-3 degrees, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocarditis, endocarditis, recurrent thrombophlebitis, heart disease);
• diseases of the digestive system, liver, biliary tract (ulcers, Achilles gastritis, cirrhosis and other liver diseases, calculous cholecystitis);
• kidney disease (urolithiasis, focal and diffuse kidney damage);
• problems with connective tissue;
• radiation sickness;
• endocrine diseases that are accompanied by metabolic disorders;
• chronic purulent-inflammatory and acute diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
• eye diseases (myopia more than 6 D, trachoma, blindness, residual effects of uveitis);
• organ resection operations, tissue and organ transplantation;
• skin diseases (psoriasis, pustular and fungal lesions).

Time slots

If you have carefully read all the contraindications, you can first determine whether you are shown to donate blood for donation. It is better to find out the rules (how to donate blood) after reading the full list of contraindications.

If you fit all the points, then the therapist can admit you to the procedure. Many come to donate blood again. But you can't do it too often. The break between these procedures should be more than 60 days. Men are allowed to donate blood up to 5 times a year, women - up to 4 times.

True, these restrictions are set for those cases when whole blood is taken from a person. The interval between donating plasma and other components is 30 days. Plasmapheresis can be repeated every 2 weeks. The same break is set for plateletpheresis and leukocytapheresis.

Nuances for women

Despite established gender equality, there are points that cannot be ignored. Therefore, the rules for donating blood for women are slightly different. They can donate blood no more than 4 times a year. But this is not the only limitation. Pregnant women and nursing mothers cannot be donors. It has been established that at least a year must pass from the moment the baby is born, and after the end of lactation - more than 3 months.

In addition, they do not take blood from women during critical days. It is necessary to wait 5 days after the end of menstruation, only after that you can go to the transfusion station.

Donation Payment Issues

A few years ago, people who decided to donate blood could take monetary compensation. For example, in Moscow you could get about 1000 rubles. instead of free meals. They were also paid 650 rubles. for every 100 ml of biomaterial. Payment for blood donation in other regions was lower. But active donors received almost 2 times more.

In 2012, a new law was passed, the provisions of which aim to make blood donation free and voluntary. Donors are now only entitled to free food and a number of social guarantees. But at the federal level, they can establish cases in which it is possible to donate blood for a fee.

The main idea of ​​the new law is that people should become donors not because of the monetary compensation due, but for the sake of saving lives. The money that went to pay is now spent on propaganda. This should attract a larger number of conscious citizens who do not think that this is just an income - donating blood for donation. The rules (payment, by the way, is provided for honorary donors) such people, of course, must also comply, because they do this not for the sake of a small amount, but with a good goal - to save someone's life.

Conditions for donating blood

Human blood is an irreplaceable material. No matter how many modern medicines are created, it is impossible to replace it. The shelf life of blood, unfortunately, is limited, so these components require constant replenishment. Not a single complex operation, recovery after severe blood loss or chronic pathologies is complete without donated blood. Of course, donating blood for donation is an important and generous thing. However, not everyone can be a donor. This is subject to certain conditions and laws. Below we will consider what are the rules before donating blood for donation, what you can and cannot eat, what is the cost and possible consequences of this procedure.

Who is eligible to donate

Who can be a donor? According to the current laws, donating blood as a donor is possible only on the condition of gratuitousness and voluntariness. Absolutely any person, regardless of gender, between the ages of eighteen and sixty years old, who has no contraindications to the procedure and has undergone a full examination, can be a donor.

One of the important conditions for donating blood is the body weight of the intended donor - it cannot be less than fifty kilograms. In addition, foreigners have the right to become a donor for someone. To do this, they must be completely legal in our country for a year.

The mass of the donor must be at least 50 kg.

Male donors are allowed to donate blood only five times a year, and women only four. In both cases, the interval between blood donations must be at least two months. This period is reduced to thirty days, if only the donation of blood components was carried out.

Training

What are the conditions and rules for donating blood to donors. It is necessary to carefully prepare for such a procedure. The donor at the time of blood donation should not feel any pain or discomfort. Before donating blood for donation, the rules provide for filling out a special questionnaire. As a rule, these are not difficult questions. The survey should indicate whether a recent surgery was performed, whether antibiotics, drugs were taken, whether a potential donor visited a dentist, and much more.

Unconditional contraindications are the presence of blood diseases, possible contacts with HIV-infected people. Some minor illnesses, as well as trips to other countries with long residence in its territory, may become some obstacle. This is especially true for some regions of America, Asia and Africa.

Analyzes

In the beginning, you should go through the simplest procedure for a donor - a complete blood count. The material is taken from the finger. Thus, a number of indicators are checked, for example, the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Doctors carefully examine the patient to identify various abnormalities. At this time, the results of testing for hepatitis C, A, B, syphilis and HIV infection are being prepared.

It should be taken into account that a complete examination is necessary every six months. If you do not show up for examination and testing on time, the donated blood will be destroyed. Only with positive results, the material can be used.

Donors who have a decent experience and donate blood every year regularly undergo a complete examination. It is very important. The therapist must provide a certificate of the diseases suffered by the patient during the year. Women should obtain a health certificate from a gynecologist.

Training

In this situation, some rules for donating blood to donors are provided, which guarantee not only a comfortable and passing procedure without negative consequences, but also guarantee that the donor blood will not harm the patient. Consider what you can and cannot eat, the main food of blood donors.

Preparing the donor before donating blood:

• Three days before a blood transfusion, it is forbidden to use drugs that have a blood-thinning property - this is analgin, no-shpa, and so on. It is best to tell your doctor about all medications you take.
• It is strictly forbidden to take alcoholic beverages 48 hours before the transfusion.
• It is worth giving up on some food groups - these are kefir, sour cream, yogurts, in a word, fermented milk products. The same list includes various smoked meats and sausages, chips, carbonated drinks, spicy, fatty and fried foods, as well as citrus fruits and even bananas.

Diet principles have been developed especially for donors. Her diet should include cereals, broths, fresh vegetables, fiber. It is allowed to eat some fruits - apples, peaches, plums. Even a small amount of sugar is allowed. It can be, say, 1-2 teaspoons of honey.

It is also worth taking into account some practical tips:

• sleep well the night before the procedure;
• in the morning you can have breakfast, drink a cup of tea or juice, during the day you can drink drinking water;
• you should refrain from smoking a few hours before and after the transfusion;
• From dizziness will help a cup of tea, juice or mineral water, drunk immediately before the start of delivery.

Holding

During the donation of blood, the patient is in a comfortable position, the most comfortable conditions are created for him. Blood is taken from a donor using sterile instruments and vacuum systems. After four hours, you can safely remove the bandage.

Comfortable conditions are created for the donor during the procedure

The time taken for the procedure can be completely different. If this is the usual standard procedure, everything takes no more than fifteen minutes. If blood is donated for individual components, this requires the use of special equipment, so the process takes much longer. For example, donating blood for plasma will take about thirty minutes, and for platelets - more than an hour.

What to do after the procedure

• Firstly, during the first fifteen minutes you should not get up abruptly and worry, it is better to calm down and breathe deeply.
• At the first sign of dizziness, headaches, you should immediately inform the medical staff.
• During the day, it is not recommended to wet the bandage and take baths, as well as get involved in heavy physical exertion.
• For several weeks, eat properly and satisfyingly, drink plenty of water, get enough sleep, and do not drink alcohol.

Contraindications

There are many contraindications to donating blood for donation. Such a responsible process requires a special approach.

Some diseases include:

• syphilis;
• bronchial asthma;
• tuberculosis;
• radiation sickness;
• severe kidney disease;
• AIDS;
• disorders of the nervous system;
• eczema;
• ulcers and more.

Pros and cons

Is blood donation good or bad for health? In fact, blood transfusion does not harm the body. The blood donor is constantly examined, leads a healthy lifestyle, eats properly. In addition, his blood is constantly updated, the immune system becomes more stable, rejuvenating the body and positively affecting its work as a whole.

Some unpleasant sensations include dizziness or even fainting after the procedure, a feeling of weakness, exhaustion. But such symptoms quickly pass and do not affect the vital activity of the body.

Some Features

Donating blood for donation has rules for women that are different from the conditions for the opposite sex. In addition to the fact that women cannot undergo the procedure more than four times a year, pregnant and lactating women can never be donors. In addition, blood sampling is not performed from the fairer sex during the menstrual cycle.

It is worth noting that a blood donor has the right to provide time off and this does not require the consent of the employer at all, it is enough to warn him about it.

Sample application for time off after donating blood

Donating blood for donation provides for a day off for one working day, during which the material will be collected. The employee also has the right to one additional day of rest, which he, at his discretion, can use during the calendar year.

Such pluses of donors include the provision of monetary rewards for the collected material. In each country and in each region, the cost varies. Donating blood for donation and its price, respectively, also depend on the general health of the donor, blood type and the presence of bad habits.

As far as you can see, donating blood for donation is a truly noble act. Blood collected within fifteen minutes can save someone's life. In addition, the donor completely changes his habits, reconsiders his lifestyle, constantly controls the state of his body, and has the ability to prevent many diseases!