How did the streltsy army differ from the noble militia. By the middle of the XVI century. the armed forces of the Russian state consisted of regiments of the nobility and the people's militia. Military doctrine

The beginning of the tenth years found our army in a grave condition: there were professional soldiers, militias worthy of development in military equipment and even the export of arms. But the defense had to be rebuilt from the deep devastation caused by the recent turmoil. Despite the lack of money, the army undertook to rebuild hastily - faster than anything else in the state. The fallen qualifications of the personnel were treated by a sharp modernization of individual units with the transition to advanced standards.

All this was four centuries ago - in early XVII century.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian army was represented by three main parts: the noble militia, archers and artillery (outfit). They were different in the way of formation, social composition and quality.

Noble militia or a local army - cavalry, consisting of "service people in the homeland", i.e. children of boyars and nobles (hereinafter, in relation to all of them, we will use the concept of "nobles" for brevity) and their fighting slaves ("boyar people").

Within the nobility were distinguished "Moscow ranks" (stewards, solicitors, Moscow noblemen and tenants) and the city (provincial) nobility. Hundreds of noblemen of one locality were formed, and some of the "Moscow ranks" were appointed as their commanders. There could be more or less than 100 people in a hundred. According to the same territorial principle, serf hundreds were formed, receiving commanders from the nobility. In peacetime, hundreds could combine into larger units. Those of the nobles who could not enter the horse service carried it in the garrisons (city service), in the archers or in the infantry.

The noble service was lifelong and hereditary. Disability was not always a reason for exclusion from it. They entered the service at the age of 18. Entry into the service was called "layout" and was accompanied by the appointment of a salary. "Noviks" received the rank of their father, which made the career of the provincial nobles very difficult.

Inspections of the militia were periodically made, but there were no joint exercises or coordination of hundreds in peacetime. There was no shooting practice either. One half of the militia carried out field or patrol service for six months, the other - city (garrison) service, after which their rotation took place. Formally, leave was provided only for injury or illness. The main part of the field hundreds was concentrated in the southern districts to repel a possible invasion of the Crimeans.

For their service, the nobles received land (in the form of an estate) and monetary salaries. Since the time of Boris Godunov, the minimum size of an estate was determined at 100 cheats (a couple is equal to about 0.5 dessiatines of arable land), and a monetary salary at 5 rubles. in year. The salaries of the Moscow ranks were significantly higher than that of the city nobles. Money was paid only for field and guard services, the policeman was not paid. Horse, weapons and food, slaves (slaves) and horses - at their own expense. The minimum cost of a war horse is 15 rubles, a firearm is 10 rubles.

By the end of the 16th century, the local fund was exhausted. "Noviks" began to receive estates significantly less than the norm, there were cases when they had to wait for the layout of the estate for several years. This sharply negatively affected the armament of the militia. At the beginning of the 17th century, every militia was obliged to have: a pishchal or a carbine, a pistol and a saber or a saadak, a pistol and a saber, but this was not done. But in practice, most of them could not meet the requirements.

Here is an example of what the city nobles were armed with at the review (although it refers to a later time): in the regiment of the Lvov governor in 1645, out of 665 landowners, 425 had pistols (mostly one), 44 had a carbine, only 16 had a carbine and a pistol , 79 - saadak (bow with arrows), 87 - saber, 1 - spear, 6 - without weapons. It is difficult to imagine what their slaves were armed with in this case.

The number of the noble militia, together with their slaves, was about 50 thousand people. There were about equal number of nobles and slaves in it. The formation of the militia was handled by the Discharge Order, the allocation of land - by the Pomestny. That. the militia had a double subordination.

Sagittarius were a standing army on a salary. They united in orders, consisting of 5 hundred soldiers, led by "heads". 4 orders were cavalry and located in Moscow, one of them, "Stremyannaya" was engaged in the protection of the sovereign (stood at his stirrup). The rest of the orders were infantry. There were no archers' associations larger than orders.

Sagittarius were considered "service people by the device" and were initially recruited from various categories of the draft population of the country, but gradually the rifleman service became hereditary. The commanding staff (heads, centurions and Pentecostals or "initial people") was formed from nobles, for whom service in the archers replaced service in the militia and was also inherited.

The archers wore uniforms, the commanders had insignia. Weapons (pishchal, reed, saber and pistol for commanders) were unified and issued from the treasury. Ammunition also came at the expense of the treasury, horses and feed for them in the horse orders. Horses were also given to the commanding staff in the infantry. The orders carried out training in maneuvering and practice shooting once or twice a week. In battle, the archers held their formation and could shoot in lines. The archers carried field and city services. Initially, they were assigned some police functions (law enforcement, patrolling).

Sagittarius received monetary, grain and salt salaries. Money was given from 3 rubles a year. The salaries of the Moscow archers were higher than those of the police. Streltsy lived with families in special settlements. When entering the service of the archer, a yard space was allocated in such a settlement and 2-3 rubles for the construction of a hut. This place and the hut passed by inheritance regardless of whether the heirs entered the service or not. They could be sold. In general, the conditions of the streltsy service were quite bearable for that time.

The total number of archers is up to 25 thousand people. All of them were under the jurisdiction of the Streletsky order. There was going to be a special tribute for their maintenance - "Streletskaya", but it was not always enough.

Artillery("Outfit") of the Russian kingdom earned the respect of foreigners ... "It is believed that none of the Christian sovereigns has such a good stock of military shells as the Russian tsar, which can be partly confirmed by the Armory Chamber in Moscow, where there are a huge number of all kinds of cannons ...",- wrote Giles Fletcher ("On the Russian State"). There was siege, fortress and field artillery. All of it was serviced by gunners and zatinshchik, whose conditions of service were similar to those of the Strelets.

The total number of barrels exceeded 2 thousand. 300 - 350 guns of various calibers could be taken on the campaign. They fired cannonballs, among which more and more cast-iron ones became. All guns were cast and had carriages. Several cannon yards were engaged in the production of guns (two of them are in Moscow), they fully provided the needs of the army and could even work for export (supply of barrels to Persia).

In the state service, in addition, there were up to 7 thousand Cossacks who received a monetary and grain salary. They obeyed their chieftains and were used in field and garrison services.

In general, at the beginning of the 17th century, the peacetime army numbered, including not listed above, the ranks of the petty service people "according to the device", up to 100 thousand people. Her weak point there was a noble cavalry. The rifle infantry was good, and the artillery was good. She could successfully act against the steppe inhabitants and Lithuanians, but she was inferior in field combat to the Poles and Swedes.

In the event of a war, the army was supplemented by "datochnye" and "pososny" people, but they were used mainly in auxiliary operations. Tatar irregular cavalry and "free" Cossacks were involved in combat operations.

The army went on a campaign as part of the guard, forward and large regiments and regiments of the right and left hand. Apparently, the largest field army could reach 70-75 thousand people (without the "staff").

The state of the army after the Troubles

During the "Great Glad" civil war and intervention, the population of our country has decreased by about 20%. It is likely that the same decline, if not more, was suffered by the "ranks" that made up the army. With Sweden, at the cost of territorial concessions, "eternal peace" was concluded (1617), and with the Commonwealth - only a truce for 14 and a half years (1618). Vladislav Vaza did not withdraw his claims to the Moscow throne. The danger of a renewed war was great. In addition, gangs of "robberies" continued to roam the country. For these reasons, it was necessary to urgently restore the strength of the armed forces.

This had to be done in conditions of economic devastation and with an empty treasury, so the government sought to replace parts of the "ranks", mainly provincial, city, grain salaries for the issuance of land allotments. This happened with the city archers, gunners and Cossacks. They were given allotments from 4 to 10 families, depending on the availability of free land in the counties. All of them, including those in Moscow, were allowed to engage in industrial and commercial activities during their free time. preferential taxation... Several hundred Cossacks, slaves and grave workers who took part in the 1st and 2nd militias were turned into the nobility.

The first 14 years after the end of the Troubles "The Muscovite state was getting full and coming to dignity." By 1631, the size of the peacetime army was restored (the size of the entire population of the country was only by 1650). This year, there were 24,900 noblemen and about 26,000 archers in the service (PN Milyukov "The state economy of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century and reforms").

Let's pay attention to the fact that the number of archers has exceeded the pre-war ("pre-vague"). This is due to the fact that during the Time of Troubles these "service people by the device" showed greater resilience in comparison with the nobility. It was they who defended Novgorod-Severskaya and Smolensk; they remained loyal to the government in Moscow, while the nobility was scattered among all the applicants. In addition, the Streltsy began to be increasingly entrusted with the functions of the police force: they were engaged in the fight against "robberies" and force escort during the collection of taxes.

But the quality of the 1631 army was lower than the 1600 army. If the noble militia remained at the same level, then the combat capability of the archers decreased: out of the need to feed their families, they began to devote more time to fishing and trade.

They tried to compensate for this drop in combat effectiveness by recruiting foreign mercenaries, whose number reached 3 thousand. Soldiers and Reitar companies were formed from them. The Inozemsky order was engaged in them. They cost the treasury very dearly, and 3 thousand soldiers in the 90-thousandth army did not make the difference.

Then they decided, using foreigners as command personnel, to form from the Russians "regiments of a foreign (new) system", i.e. horse and infantry regiments and train them to operate according to the standards of European martial arts. This had to be done before the end of the armistice with the Commonwealth (1632), since the Russian government was going to start a war with her to return lost territories and the refusal of Vladislav Vaz from claims to the Moscow throne.

The first regiments of the new (foreign) order

By creating them, the authorities tried to solve one more problem: to find a place for the homeless and out-of-place nobles who could not carry out full-fledged service in the militia due to poverty. The number of those was increasing, and the government realized the danger of having several thousand people deprived of their means of subsistence (they were not allowed to go to the townspeople, or to the peasants, or to the courtyards) and possessing weapons.

In 1630, a decree followed on the recruitment of homeless nobles on a voluntary basis to Moscow for "military study" from foreigners. They were going to recruit two soldier regiments of 1000 privates each. The conditions were acceptable: 5 rubles in money. per year and 3 kopecks. per day for "feed" (prices in Moscow: 10 eggs - 1 kopeck, chicken - 2 kopecks, piglet - 3-4 kopecks, a couple of pies - 0.5 kopecks, a pound of black caviar - 3-5 kopecks). The treasury provided a squeak or a musket, gunpowder and lead.

But the soldiers are infantry, and the service in it did not attract the nobles. Then they were allowed to recruit Tatars, Cossacks and townspeople. As a result, two soldiers' regiments of 1,600 privates and 176 initial men each were quickly formed. The company consisted of 200 privates (120 squeakers / musketeers and 80 spearmen) and 22 chiefs, who were all foreigners from drummer to colonel. Each company had two interpreters (translators). In 1632 the number of regiments was increased to six.

In the middle of 1632, the Reitarsky regiment of 2,000 soldiers began to be formed. Payment: 3 rubles per year for a person and 2 rubles per month for horse feed. The regiment had 14 companies led by captains. In addition, separate "shvadrons" (battalions) of Reitar were formed. The service was equestrian, it did not inflict damage on the dignity of the nobility, and the nobles willingly went to it.

In the course of the war, a dragoon regiment was recruited from, mainly, tributary people. It had 1600 people (12 companies of 120 privates each) and a battery of 12 small cannons.

The role of foreigners and the fate of the first regiments of the new order

During Smolensk war(1632 - 1634) it became clear that the hopes placed on foreigners by the authorities were excessive.

First, it turned out that many of them simply do not know military affairs. Secondly, not all of them showed stamina in battle - on the contrary, at times they generated panic. Thirdly, almost all of them did not know and did not want to learn Russian and communicated with Russians only through an interpreter. Due to their different ethnic origin and between them there was a language barrier, some foreigners did not know much German- "lingua franca" of mercenaries.

If the use of foreigners to train the Russians in a new system justified itself, then trusting only them to the command in the regiments turned out to be erroneous.

At the end of the war, some of the foreigners were simply expelled from Russia, contracts with others were interrupted, but they paid for the service, the rest were left in the service. The latter were offered, in addition to a monetary salary, and an estate, rightly believing that this would strengthen their connection with the country. Most of them later became the founders of Russian families of foreign origin (for example, the Leslie and the Lermontovs) and adopted Orthodoxy.

Mercenaries continued to be recruited, but only officers and non-commissioned officers with the presentation of patents and recommendations and a demonstration of their skills in handling weapons and performing combat techniques.

In late 1634 - early 1635, all the regiments of the new order were disbanded, although the experience of using them was recognized as positive. The main reasons for the dissolution are two: "wasteland in the treasury" and understaffing in command personnel.

In the first experience of the formation of these regiments, specific traits in their social composition: reitars are nobles, soldiers are civilians from among the free taxpayers, dragoons are tributary people, i.e. recruits, including those recruited from the serfs. Temporarily, the reiters will, if necessary, in wartime be replenished with taxpayers and Cossacks, but in peacetime their social composition will be reduced to uniformity. The initial Russian people on the shelves of the new system will be only from the nobility.

The restoration of the regiments of the new system will take place in the 1640s. Then the beginning of the Russian regular army will be laid. But more on that in the next part.

The process of unification of the Russian lands, which began in the 14th century, was completed by the end of the 15th century. the formation of a centralized state. In 1480, an attempt by the troops of the Golden Horde to break through the river was eliminated. Ugra within the Moscow principality. The Mongol-Tatar yoke was over. Yaroslavl, Rostov, Tver principalities, Pskov, Smolensk, Ryazan and other lands passed under the authority of the Moscow prince. The unification of the disparate Slavic lands into a single Russian state took place under conditions of constant military threat from the outside.

The creation of a unified state, the fight against the fragments of the Golden Horde, the desire to enter the sea, required a powerful army. "The tsar could not exist without the army. The tsar is strong and glorious as warriors," wrote I.S. Peresvetov.

In Russia since the 15th century. a local system of manning the troops is being formed. The system received this name due to the distribution of lands (estates) to service people (noblemen, boyar children, etc.), who for this were obliged to carry out the service of the sovereign.

The transition to this recruiting system was largely due to economic reasons. As the armed forces grew, the issue of their content arose and demanded more and more insistently resolution. The resources of the country with subsistence farming were very limited, but the Russian state possessed a significant territory. “By the successful gathering of Rus,” wrote V.O. Klyuchevsky, - the Moscow sovereign - the owner acquired one new capital: those were vast expanses of land, empty or residential, inhabited by peasants. Only this capital could he put into circulation to provide for his service people. "

Unlike boyar, patrimonial lands, which were inherited, a nobleman owned an estate (land) only during his service. He could neither sell it, nor inherit it. Having received the land, the nobleman, usually living in his estate, had to appear at the appointed time "horses, arms and people" at the first request of the sovereign.

Another source of replenishment of the local army was the princes and boyars, who came to the service with their detachments. But their service to the Grand Duke in the 15th century. lost its voluntary character, becoming mandatory under the threat of charges of high treason and deprivation of all lands.

The reforms carried out in the 16th century played an important role in strengthening the Russian army. Ivan IV. In the course of military reforms in 1556, the "Code of Service" was adopted, which legislatively fixed the procedure for manning the local noble army. Each noble-landowner and boyar-patrimonial exhibited one equestrian armed warrior from 100 quarters (150 dessiatines) of "good land." For putting out extra people, the nobles received an additional reward, for failure to supply or evasion - punishment, up to the confiscation of the estate. In addition to the estate, they received a salary before the campaign (from 4 to 7 rubles). The military service of the nobles was lifelong and hereditary, starting at the age of 15. All nobles had to serve. A registration of service people was introduced in the counties, military reviews were periodically held. In the local cavalry, there were also detachments of service Tatars who passed into Russian citizenship.

However, it was impossible not to take into account that the crossbred manning system, as noted by S.M. Solovyov “destroyed the character of the ancient squad: instead of a permanent army, which was a squad with a military spirit, with an awareness of military duties, with the prompting of military honor, it created a class of peaceful citizens-masters who, only by chance, during the war, were already doing a heavy service for them ".

The tsar could not keep the noble militia in constant combat readiness, since the army was recruited only in the event of an immediate threat of an enemy attack. It was necessary to create a state-supported army, constantly ready to start fighting by order of the king, subordinate to the supreme authority.

In 1550, from the townspeople, a permanent foot detachment of 3 thousand people was recruited, armed firearms- "archers from archers". The streltsy army was recruited by recruiting free ("willing") people from the free population. Later, the children and relatives of the archers became a constant source of replenishment. Their service was lifelong, hereditary and permanent. Unlike the noble militia, which gathered only in case of war, the archers served both in war and in peacetime, being supported by the state, receiving cash and bread salaries from the treasury. They had a single form, a single type of armament, a single staff organization and training system. Streltsy lived in special settlements with families, had their own yard and private plot, could engage in handicrafts and trade.

The formation of the streltsy army marked the beginning of the formation of a permanent army of the Russian state (in France and Prussia, a standing army appeared in the 17th century, in the New World - from the 18th century, only in Sweden - from the 16th century).

Under Ivan IV, another new branch of the army was developed - the city Cossacks. They were recruited, like the archers, "from free hunting people" and made up the garrisons of border towns and fortifications. The name "police" came from the place of recruitment in cities (Ryazhskie - Ryazhsk, Mikhailovskie - Mikhailov, etc.).

A special group of military men began to be made up of artillerymen - gunners and zatinschiks who served the "zatinnaya" (serf) artillery. They were completed from free handicraft people. Their service was lifelong, knowledge was inherited from father to son. They were provided with various privileges and benefits, in addition to salaries and land allotments.

During the time of Ivan IV, the Russian army also included a squadron army (people's militia) from the rural and urban population. At different times, one person from 3, 5 and even 30 horse and foot yards at the age of 25 to 40 years old were exhibited in the pososny army. They had to have good health, shoot well with bows and squeaks, and go skiing. The forces of the "staffs" carried out military engineering work on the construction of fortifications, roads, bridges, the supply of guns, ammunition and food.

Compared to the previous period, the manning system under Ivan IV underwent significant changes. As other Russian principalities became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, their militias disbanded, small boyars - "boyar children" became "sovereign servants" and no longer served an individual prince or boyar, but the entire state. The second group of servants consisted of nobles, servants of the prince's court - free and not free. Having received local lands for their service to the sovereign, they became the social support of the nascent Russian monarchy. So from the former squad, a local army was born.

From the free posad and, to a lesser extent, rural population the first permanent army of the Russian state was created with elements of a regular structure - archers, gunners and city Cossacks, called upon by constant combat readiness to compensate for the shortcomings of the noble cavalry, which was assembled only in case of war. The people's militia gradually lost its significance, turning into auxiliary troops, which was also influenced by the absence of the former breeding ground in the person of the free population in the now feudal-serf Russia.

Thus, the creation of a permanent army of the Russian state became an important part of the military reforms of Ivan IV. The significance of the reforms of Ivan the Terrible was highly appreciated by Peter I: "This sovereign is my predecessor and model; I have always imagined him to be a model of my rule in civil and military affairs, but I have not yet succeeded in doing so far as he is."

The process of unification of the Russian lands, which began in the 14th century, was completed by the end of the 15th century. the formation of a centralized state. Since that time, in Russia, it has been local picking system troops. The system received this name due to the distribution of lands (estates) to service people (noblemen, boyar children, etc.), who for this were obliged to carry out the service of the sovereign.

The transition to this recruiting system was largely due to economic reasons. As the armed forces grew, the question of their content arose. The resources of the country with subsistence farming were very limited, but the Russian state possessed a significant territory.

Unlike boyar, patrimonial lands, which were inherited, a nobleman owned an estate (land) only during his service. He could neither sell it, nor inherit it. Having received the land, the nobleman, usually living in his estate, had to appear at the appointed time at the appointed time with a horse, weapons and people at the first request of the sovereign.

The reforms carried out in the 16th century played an important role in strengthening the Russian army. Ivan IV. During the military reforms in 1556. the "Code of Service" was adopted, which legislatively fixed the procedure for manning the noble local army. Each noble-landowner and boyar-estate owner exhibited one equestrian armed warrior from 100 quarters (150 dessiatines) of land. For putting out extra people, the nobles received an additional reward, for failure to supply or evasion - punishment, up to the confiscation of the estate. In addition to the estate, they received a salary before the campaign (from 4 to 7 rubles). The military service of the nobles was lifelong and hereditary from the age of 15. All nobles had to serve. A registration of service people was introduced in the counties, military reviews were periodically held.

However, it was impossible not to take into account that the local recruiting system destroyed the character of the ancient squad: instead of a permanent army, which was a squad with a military spirit, with an awareness of military duties, with the prompting of military honor, it created a class of peaceful citizens-masters who only by chance, for a while war, were already carrying a heavy service for them.

The tsar could not keep the noble militia in constant combat readiness, since the army was recruited only in the event of an immediate threat of an enemy attack. It was necessary to create a state-supported army, constantly ready to start hostilities on the orders of the tsar, subordinate to the supreme power.

So in 1550, a permanent foot detachment of 3 thousand people was recruited, armed with firearms (pishchal). Was completed streltsy army by recruiting free people from the free population. Later, the children and relatives of the archers became a source of replenishment. Their service was lifelong, hereditary and permanent. Unlike the noble militia, which gathered only in case of war, the archers served both in war and in peacetime, being supported by the state, receiving cash and bread salaries from the treasury. They had a single form, a single type of armament, a single staff organization and training system. Streltsy lived in special settlements with families, had their own courtyard and personal plot, could engage in handicrafts and trade. The formation of the streltsy army marked the beginning of the formation of a permanent army of the Russian state .

Under Ivan IV, another new branch of the army was developed - city Cossacks... They were recruited, like the archers, from free people and made up the garrisons of border cities and fortifications. The name "police" came from the place of recruitment in the cities.

A special group of military people began to be gunners are gunners. They were completed from free handicraft people. Their service was lifelong, knowledge was inherited from father to son. They were provided with various privileges and benefits in addition to salaries and land allotments.

The composition of the Russian army during the time of Ivan IV included squadron army (militia) from the rural and urban population. At different times, one person from 3, 5 and even 30 horse and foot yards at the age of 25 to 40 years old were exhibited in the pososny army. They had to have good health, shoot well with bows and squeaks, and go skiing. Military engineering work was carried out by the forces of the pososny army on the construction of fortifications, roads, bridges, the supply of guns, ammunition and foodstuffs.

Compared to the previous period, the manning system under Ivan IV underwent significant changes. So from the former squad was born local - the first standing army The Russian state with elements of a regular structure - archers, gunners and city Cossacks, called upon by constant combat readiness to compensate for the shortcomings of the noble cavalry, who were assembled only in case of war. The people's militia gradually lost its significance, turning into auxiliary troops.

Thus, the creation of a permanent army of the Russian state became an important part of the military reforms of Ivan IV. The significance of the reforms of Ivan the Terrible was highly appreciated by Peter I: “This sovereign is my predecessor and model; I always imagined him as a model of my government in civil and military affairs, but I did not have time to do it as far as he did. "

"New order" shelves

Early 17th century was one of the most difficult and dramatic periods in the history of Russia. Troubles, the peasant uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov, the Polish-Swedish intervention ravaged the country, seriously undermining its military potential. There were not enough funds for the maintenance of the archers, the discipline of the "sovereign's troops" fell. Russia badly needed to recreate a trained army. In 1607, the Charter of military, cannon and other matters related to military science was developed. This charter was used as a guide to the combat training of the Russian troops and their actions in battle.

With the accession of Mikhail Romanov in 1613, the period of turmoil and anarchy ended. In difficult conditions, the armed forces gradually began to revive. So in 1630 in the largest cities of Russia began to form regiments of the "new order"(in contrast to the "old" - streltsy and city Cossacks).

In the second half of the 17th century. the regiments of the "new order" were finally established. Were formed soldiers (infantry), reitars (cavalry) and dragoons (cavalry, trained to operate on foot) regiments. Unlike the countries of Western Europe (except Sweden), where mercenarism was widespread, in Russia for the first time there was a system of compulsory military service for all social strata of the indigenous population. This was a truly reformatory step that predetermined the further course of building up Russia's armed forces.

The regiments of the "new order" were completed mainly by compulsory recruitment tacit people (soldiers' regiments) and forced recording small and homeless nobles and children of the boyars (Reitar service). Reiters received a salary for their service, and many also received estates. Spearmen and hussars had the same rights as reitars. It was the noble cavalry of the "new order". In peacetime, they lived on their estates, but were obliged to gather for one month for training. For failure to appear, estates were taken from the nobles and transferred to soldiers' regiments. Discipline was strict for everyone, and at that distant time it was considered one of the fundamental principles of military development.

Soldiers were recruited for permanent lifelong service according to the principle: from three brothers one by one, from four - two each, or from estates and estates - one each from 25-100 households (the sizes of the sets varied). They lived in state houses and special soldiers' settlements in cities, fully supported by the state. The soldiers retained plots of land to support their families. Part of this army was permanent, part of it was recruited for the duration of the war, being in peacetime at home in readiness to appear at the first call to their regiments.

Thus, the complex, almost 50-year-old (30s - 70s of the 15th century) process of folding the troops of the "new system" showed their advantage over the troops formed by other methods. The source of recruitment was the forced attraction of ever wider masses of the population to military service, which became mandatory for all strata of the population. In Russia, the prototype of the regular army was taking shape. The great reformer, Peter I, was destined to finally bring this idea to life.

Constitutional law of the Russian Federation

Time of Peter 1 the First

Civil law

History of the USSR

By the middle of the XVI century. the armed forces of the Russian state consisted of regiments of the nobility and the people's militia. By the end of the century, the local military system fell into decay and the noble regiments were replaced by a standing army.

Presumably in 1545, Ivan IV created a streltsy infantry army as a personal guard. They were called archers because they were armed with squeaks. Standing infantry detachment of archers of 3000 people. was located in Vorobyevskaya Sloboda.

The archers differed from the noble militia in that they lived in special settlements with their families, received a constant salary, grain supply and clothing, were recruited not from the nobility, but from the people. Sagittarius along with military service engaged in trade and fishing. They recruited into the archers people "kind", "subsistence", "physically healthy and married", who had a guarantee from the old archers or fellow villagers.

The archers were divided into Moscow and policemen. Muscovites received a higher salary. By the beginning of the 17th century. the streltsy army numbered 20 thousand, and by the middle of the 17th century. - 40 thousand people Organizationally, the streltsy army was divided into orders (regiments) numbering 1000-500 people, led by a streltsy head (colonel or lieutenant colonel), hundreds - led by a centurion, fifty - led by a Pentecostal, a dozen - led by a foreman.

Wars with Poland and Sweden in the 17th century. showed insufficient fighting efficiency of the noble militia and rifle troops.

In the 30s of the XVII century. regiments of the "New System" began to form, which were a standing army in the generally accepted sense. It was not a local system, but the armed forces, which were fully supported by the state. The regiments of the "new system" had a permanent structure, were distinguished by higher discipline, constant training, and were "under arms" all the time. They consisted of soldiers, raitor (regiments of noble heavy cavalry, armed with a carbine, 2 pistols, sabers) and dragoon (regiments of light cavalry, operating in combat on foot) regiments.

According to the tsar's charter of 1630, the regiments of the "new system" were recruited from the "boyar children" volunteers who united nobles, Cossacks and "free eager people." In the second half of the 17th century. recruited "tributary people" (1 person from 20-25 peasant households in peacetime, from 5-10 households - during wartime), in reitra - small-scale, homeless noblemen and "boyar children" - also called up under duress. The officers of the regiments of the "new order" were recruited from the nobility.

Ivan IV began to attract civil service Cossacks. Servant Cossacks were located in border towns and were called city Cossacks.

City Cossacks made up a permanent army and took part in campaigns. For the border service, they received, in addition to salaries, land plots.

The people's militia gathered in exceptional cases and was exclusively a foot army. Thus, the people's militia made up the front line and large regiments in the army of Dmitry Donskoy, and acted as a decisive force against the Polish-Swedish intervention at the beginning of the 17th century.

As part of the Russian armed forces, there were also national detachments of the noble-landed army from local feudal lords and servants. These were detachments of the Tatar cavalry, Bashkirs, Mordovians, Mari, Chuvash and other peoples.

Thus, during the formation and development of the Russian centralized state, the armed forces of Russia consisted of local cavalry, rifle regiments, city Cossacks, regiments of the "new system", people's militia and national detachments. There were 2 units in the army different types: noble-local army and rifle regiments and regiments of the "new order" as a standing army.

The command and control of the army also underwent certain changes. The king was at the head of the army. The central administration bodies were orders: Razryadny, Streletsky, Cossack, Inozemny, Oruzheiny, Bronny, Cannon, Reitarsky. The supreme body of the armed forces was the discharge order, which arose in 1535.

Local government was carried out by the voivode, who was subordinate to the Discharge order. The commanders and the troops located on the territory controlled by him obeyed him. The voivode was engaged in the fortification of cities and their defense, commanded the standing army and the noble militia of the district, monitored military training, collected tribute people, recruited detachments for campaigns, issued salaries, and performed judicial functions.

With the advent of permanent troops, regulations were also required. Among the first was the "Charter of military, cannon and other matters related to military science" (about 1621). In 1647, the charter "The Teaching and Cunning of the Military Formation of Infantry People" appeared. The main requirement of the charter is constant training in military affairs, as a guarantee of success in battle.

Only the military doctrine allows the army "to lightly and with ruins a great profit for itself, and to repair a great deal of trouble for the enemy."

Much attention was paid to discipline.

The law of 1678 severely punishes for evasion from service: "... Those who learn to run away from the Sovereign's service ... because of their fault, to be severely punished in a commercial execution, and their estates and all their belongings will be taken and distributed to the homeless", - reads the law.

Thus, for a more successful solution of internal and external tasks, the growing central power creates a standing army in the form of a "rifle army (mid-17th century), and then regiments of a" new order "were a higher form of organization, the types of armed formations that preceded them.