Development of railway transport in Russia: history, current state, development and prospects. Rail transport illustration on a railway theme

Railway transport today is the leading among the universal types of passenger and cargo transportation in many large countries of the world, including Russia. This is primarily due to geographic characteristics. It is convenient, economical, and relatively safe to travel by rail on long-distance territories.

Surface rail transport is rooted in the distant past. It is known that in ancient times people did not need to move bulky goods. Everything that was needed was carried over to oneself. With the development of civilization, transport has also improved. Rafts were used on the water, then boats. On land - carts drawn by animals.

It appeared around the 16th century. Then for the delivery of goods from mines and mines, wooden beds were used. But, as you know, wood is not a material of the highest strength. It was impossible to carry out such transportation over long distances and for a long time. Science of the past has found a way out. But the first land-based rail track was also of industrial importance. It was intended to transport coal from the mines to the townships of Wallaton and Strelli near Nottingham. And already in the 18th century, the first Russian cast-iron track 160 meters long saw the light.

At first, only wide railroad tracks were built in the world. Practical ones appeared only in the 19th century. They quickly gained recognition and distribution. Soon, narrow-gauge railways began to be used not only between raw material bases and industrial enterprises. They connected remote areas of various countries with their economic centers.

In the twentieth century, the development of railway transport went through different stages. In the last years of the existence of Tsarist Russia, narrow-gauge railways were actively built. After the revolution and with the emergence of the USSR, there was a certain lull. The Stalin era gave a new impetus to Russia. They became famous "camp lines". After the collapse of the GULAG system, narrow-gauge railways were no longer actively built. In general, such railways were used on a large scale in Russia until the 1900s.

Today, in most countries of the world, railway transport is divided into industrial, urban (trams) and general use (passenger, intercity freight). Modern compositions bear little resemblance to their predecessors from the 19th century. The history of railway transport is a two-century-long path from the first steam locomotive in 1803 through electric and diesel locomotives of the early twentieth century to and. Today there are civilian and military equipment.

The history of the development of railway transport includes the names of engineers and mechanics from different countries: (Scotland), (France), (England), (England), (Russia), (England), Rudolf Diesel (Germany), Russian engineers, inventors, and many others.

Today, many countries are connected by a network of railways. You can get by train to almost any European state, the pearls of the Middle East. The Indochina railway network connects Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Singapore. Trains run in North and South America, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Haiti, the Philippine Islands, Australia, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Madagascar, Cuba, Fiji, Jamaica, Japan. And progress in the field of rail transport is moving forward with confidence.

Since the wooden canvas quickly fell into disrepair, this prompted the inventors to turn to more durable materials such as iron or cast iron. But the modernization did not end there, due to the frequent derailment of the carts, peculiar edges (rims) were invented.

The idea of ​​creating rail transportation came to the mind of the representatives of humanity in ancient times. So, in Ancient Greece there was a so-called diolk, which is a stone path along which heavy ships were dragged across the Isthmus of Corinth. Then, deep grooves acted as guides, in which runners lubricated with animal fat were placed.

Initially, the railway track was very wide. This was due to the fact that a large distance between the wheels was considered safer, since the narrow track for a long time considered much more likely to be subject to the occurrence emergency situations associated with derailments and overturns of cars. Therefore, the first narrow-gauge railways began to appear only several decades after the emergence of wide-gauge "brothers".

By the beginning of the 20th century, a rather impressive number of narrow-gauge railways existed in the vastness of Russia. Basically, the target orientation of the use of this type of railroad track was rather narrow - narrow-gauge railways were widely used to transport peat and timber. In the future, it is these railway lines that will become the basis for the formation of narrow-gauge railways in our state.

In Great Britain there were quite a few people who considered rail transport very promising, but in addition to them there were also ardent opponents of the construction of railways. And then, when the question arose about the construction of a new railway line connecting Manchester and Liverpool between themselves, a great many discussions and discussions arose on this matter.

On the lands close to the city of Darlington, there was a huge number of coal mines, from which coal was delivered to Stockton (a city on the Tees) and from there reached the ports of the North Sea. This crossing was originally carried out in horse-driven carts, which took quite a lot of time and was very unproductive.

Over time, it became clear that the transportation of passengers and goods by rail are two incommensurably different things. So different that they require not only of various types wagons in the train, but also completely diverse locomotives. While ride comfort and high speed are paramount for passengers, power and high traction power are prioritized in cargo transportation.

In the thirties of the XIX century, vast lands on the territory of the then Perm province belonged to a breeder named Ivan Demidov. These were iron and copper smelters, as well as iron-making enterprises and mines. In total, about forty thousand serfs worked for the landowner Demidov, one of whom was Efim Cherepanov.

England became the birthplace of the first public railway line, and here such a form of transport as the underground railway was born. There were several prerequisites for the construction of the subway. The main one is considered to be the fact that already in the first half of the 19th century in London people learned and felt the meaning of the concept of "traffic jams".

Once upon a time, the Newcomen steam engine was successfully used to pump water in mines and at shipyards, which lasted more than 50 years. At the same time, this entire structure had impressive dimensions and required constant replenishment of coal reserves. At times, up to 50 horses had to be used to supply the steam engine with fuel. In general, everything indicated that this unit requires improvement, the whole question was only who would come up with this idea first.

This unit, invented by the Frenchman Nicolas-Jose Cugno, was a fairly large structure. Three wheels were attached to the large platform, which became the first prototype of both a steam locomotive and a car, with the front one serving as a steering wheel. In the area of ​​the front wheel, a steam boiler was also fixed, and next to it was a two-cylinder steam engine. There was also a seat for the driver, and the "body" of the cart was intended for the transportation of military cargo.

The history of modern steam locomotives is inextricably linked with the first experiments to create compact steam engines... The famous English engineer James Watt achieved great success in this business at the end of the 18th century. Its mechanisms were used in many industries and for the purpose of pumping water from mines.

Many people mistakenly believe that it was George Stephenson who first invented and designed the modern steam locomotive. However, this is not so, the English engineer entered the world history of technology as the first person who managed to prove the indisputable advantage of steam locomotive transport over horse-drawn traction.

The works of the father and son of the Cherepanovs became a bright page in the history of not only Russian technology, but were of great importance for the entire nascent steam locomotive industry. And it all started with the design of steam engines, the first of which had a capacity of only 4 horse power... The elder Cherepanov, Efim, was greatly influenced by a trip to England, where he could see Stephenson's steam brainchild with his own eyes.

The creators of the first mechanisms moving on rails were very worried that the smooth wheels of their units would begin to slip and lose their adhesion to the railroad bed. And, despite the fact that by that time the Trevithica steam locomotive had already been designed, which successfully transported passengers and cargo, experiments in this direction continued.

For the first time, the internal combustion engine used to move a locomotive was designed by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler. A demonstration of the new moving mechanism was made on September 27, 1887. Residents of Stuttgart and guests of the city could see with their own eyes the movement of a motris with a narrow-gauge transmission, which was driven by a two-cylinder internal combustion engine.

For a long time, locomotive manufacturers have competed and collaborated to determine the optimal design and layout of the units. In the 20s of the twentieth century in a young Soviet republic work was underway to create two vehicles at once for the transport of goods and passengers. These were the diesel locomotives of Gakkel and Lomonosov.

After the end of World War II, many industrial giants gradually began to reorient themselves to products of a peaceful nature. At this time, diesel traction, more profitable from an economic point of view, continues to crowd out the steam locomotive on all fronts. In the United States of America, General Motors occupies a leading position in the field of diesel locomotive construction. Along with another technical monster, General Electric, this North American manufacturer is still one of the industry leaders today.

Before the main attention of the Russian diesel locomotive construction was focused on the implementation of the ideas of Yakov Gakkel and Yuri Lomonosov, in academia many projects were considered. Some of the developments grew into prototypes, and some remained on paper, today history remembers both of them.

The idea of ​​using electrical energy to power machines that perform mechanical work appeared a long time ago. So, back in 1834, the researcher Jacobi designed an electric motor with a rotating armature, later his developments had a great influence on the development of the ideas of electric traction.

Even the wagons that Russian empire acquired abroad, it still had to be altered and adapted to local conditions. After all, the carriages abroad were intended for travel over rather short distances with frequent parking and for use in countries where the climate was much milder than in Russia.

Even during the construction of the very first public railway, laid between Manchester and Liverpool, some ill-wishers talked about the project manager George Stephenson that he started this whole construction only in order to find practical use for steam locomotives manufactured at Stephenson's personal steam locomotive plant ...

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Transport infrastructure plays a primary role in strengthening and maintaining state economy... Thanks to the development of railway transport in Russia, which carries out the transportation of large-sized and multi-ton cargoes, full-fledged work of all sectors of the national economy, supply of regions and industrial enterprises is ensured. Rail transport is essential to ensure the economic security and integrity of the country.

Russian Railways

Today, Russian Railways is an all-encompassing transport system with thousands of passenger traffic and cargo turnover. The actual indicators of technical equipment testify to the real prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia. It can be briefly described using the following data:

• operational length - more than 90 thousand km;
• total length of double-track lines - more than 40 thousand km;
• electrified lines - about 40 thousand km;
• the length of the main tracks is 126.3 thousand km.

Rolling stock and domestic railway facilities allow for freight transportation on trains weighing 10-12 thousand tons.

The railway transport network occupies a leading position among all types of transport. Despite the fact that over the past decades, bus and air traffic has been intensively developing, Russian Railways remains the main instrument for ensuring the massive movement of goods and passengers both within the country and abroad.

The first railway tracks

The history of the development of railway transport in Russia dates back to mid XVI v. The first analogs of modern railways appeared on the territory of stone and sand pits, at mine excavations and coal mines. Then the road was a lingering bed made of wooden beams. On such routes, horses could carry heavier loads than on ordinary country roads. The bars wore out quickly, which caused the carts to often go astray. In order for the wooden beds to serve longer, they began to be strengthened with iron, and in the 18th century - with cast iron sheets. The rims on the beds helped to prevent the carts from going off the tracks.

So, in Petrozavodsk in 1778, a cast iron railroad was built, the length of which was 160 m. At that time, the tracks were built much more modern (no more than 80 cm), and the rail itself was angular.

The period of development of railway transport in Russia in the first half of the 19th century is characterized by a more intensive pace. 30 years after the construction of the first 160-meter cast-iron track, a two-kilometer horse-cast iron track appeared. A significant leap in the history of the development of railway transport in Russia took place in the period from the second half of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries.

So, in 1913, the mileage of the railway network in the current borders of the country reached almost 72 thousand km. At the same time, the paths were placed chaotically and unevenly. Most of the roads were located in the European part of Russia. The locomotive fleet consisted of low-power steam locomotives (500-600 hp), and the two-axle type freight cars had an average carrying capacity of 15 tons.

Development strategies for Russian railways

In 2008, the Government approved a concept for improving the railway infrastructure up to 2030. The strategy for the development of railway transport in Russia contains a description of a set of planned measures for the creation and improvement of railways, improvement of existing and adoption of new requirements for rolling stock.

This program is divided into two stages. The first was carried out in the period from 2008 to 2015, the second was launched in 2016. The development of railway transport in Russia is based on the principles of increasing the resource potential of the industry and the introduction of innovative modern technologies... The current Strategy implies the construction of more than 20 thousand km of roads by 2030.

To date, the construction of railways has already been completed by communications:

• Midnight - Obskaya - Salekhard (length about 850 km);
• Prokhorovka - Zhuravka - Bataysk (total track length is about 750 km);
• Kyzyl - Kuragino (460 km);
• Tommot - Yakutsk, including a section on the left bank of the Lena (550 km).

If the planned measures for the construction and commissioning of railways are implemented, the total length of the tracks by the end of the period will increase by 20-25%. The document defining the role of the prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia focuses on the importance of this system of passenger and freight traffic for solving problems of strengthening economic sovereignty, national security and increasing the level of defense capability. In addition, the above Strategy implies a reduction in total costs in the transport segment of the national economy. An interesting detail in this context is that this kind of plan, which is being implemented in parallel with the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation, was approved exclusively for the development of railway transport in Russia.

The real state of affairs in the railway infrastructure

During recent years on the Russian railways, a decline in production and a decline in labor productivity indicators are noticeable. The used rolling stock not only prevents an increase in cargo turnover, but also contributes to an increase in the number of emergency situations on the tracks. Urgent reconstruction and overhaul required for a significant number of train stations and railway stations.

Today, the railways of our country operate trains, carriages, locomotives and special equipment produced in the USSR, Germany and Czechoslovakia. The issue of releasing new equipment is under the control of the commercial holding companies Transmashholding, Sinara, IST and the state enterprise Uralvagonzavod. Over the past ten years, the rolling stock on the most popular routes "Moscow - St. Petersburg" and "St. Petersburg - Helsinki" has been replenished with high-speed trains from the German company Siemens and the French manufacturer Alstom.

The main player on which the prospects for the development of railway transport in Russia depend is Russian Railways. The companies of this largest holding in the country own their own railway infrastructure, a fleet of wagons and rolling stock.

Cargo transportation on Russian Railways

In Russia, there are several types of freight traffic on rail tracks:

• local - within the same route;
• direct - within the boundaries of one or several railway junctions according to a single travel document;
• direct mixed - this means combined transportation by several types of transport (in addition to rail, water, road, air, water-road, etc.) can be used;
• direct international - is carried out when transporting goods on road sections of two or more states under a single document.

The peculiarities of the development of railway transport in Russia, engaged in the transportation of goods, lie in the differences in the speed of delivery. So, the main part of freight trains is engaged in the transportation of goods for which specific transportation conditions are not required. Cargo compartments in passenger trains (luggage compartments) are intended for the carriage of mail, correspondence, and personal belongings of passengers. For the delivery of perishable goods, high-speed rolling stock is used. The maximum permissible speed at which trains can move is 160 km / h.

Features of land railways in the capital

Other regions can envy the development of railway transport in Moscow. Despite the demand for constantly modernizing metro lines, it is planned to build and reconstruct about 80 kilometers of railways in the capital within the next 2-3 years. By 2019, according to a representative of the Moscow urban development complex, five new stations will appear in the city at once.

Despite the fact that just a few years ago the intracity and intercity communication of electric trains in Moscow was considered outdated and ineffective, today experts say that overland railways are capable of providing the same carrying capacity, the same traffic frequency, traffic volume and comfort as the passenger traffic. subway. In addition, the authorities of the capital are confident that the construction of railways is a less costly industry than the construction of the metro.

The length of the Moscow one is more than 13 thousand kilometers of railway lines, while this type of transport serves about 30 million passengers, and this is approximately one fifth of the population of Russia. Another feature of the development of railway transport in Moscow is that the infrastructure goes far beyond the boundaries of the agglomeration and covers about ten subjects of the Central federal district... The thing is that the railway of the capital was originally intended as an intersubject infrastructure, allowing to solve interregional and intercity problems of transport communication. Fundamental changes have taken place since the launch of the MCC.

Ring railway artery of Moscow

The central one, which launched the MCC, explained the success of the project by the emergence of the actual possibility of movement in any direction of the railway communication with a transfer. This system of commuter trains was created with the aim of integrating radial stations. Now Muscovites and guests of the capital have no problems with trips outside the Moscow Ring Road. So, for example, it will not be difficult to get from the Kazan direction to Severyanin by transferring to the MCC along the Frezer or towards the Yaroslavskoe highway.

Since the opening of the Moscow Central Circle, almost 100 million passengers have passed through it in less than a year. Despite the increased popularity of electric trains, they are still used as an alternative and additional type of railway transport in Russia. The stages of development of the MCC are being implemented along the way of strengthening the integration of the metro with the surface railway network.

The main problems of railway in our country

Along with the strengthening of the industrial economic sector, the stage of the formation and development of railway transport in Russia is taking place. The problems of this area are gaining importance against the background of global trends in technological and technical modernization, the introduction of innovative developments in railway transport.

On the this moment it is necessary to strive to reduce the gap between the quality of Russian railways, rolling stock and infrastructure of foreign competitors. In order, first of all, it is necessary to consistently solve the main sectoral problems and eliminate a number of issues that hinder the targeted development of railway transport in Russia.

It is necessary to proceed from the fact that the main purpose of the railway system is fast, convenient, inexpensive (that is, economically profitable) and safe transportation of passengers and delivery of goods not only within the country, but also abroad. The main problems of Russian railways as an integral infrastructure are two negative predetermining factors:

• lack of economic progress and efficiency of delivery transport services, including a shortage of travel speed, a low level of comfort with an unreasonably high cost of passenger transportation;
• low degree of technical reliability and safety of operation of trains, rail tracks.

The first group includes collisions between the technological and managerial sectors, which negate the expediency of the railway infrastructure and inhibit the growth of its financial efficiency. The second category includes the difficulties of technical production, equipment and operation: problems of safe operation of equipment, technical means, the lack of a fully functioning model of labor protection for workers in the industry, adverse environmental impact on adjacent territories. These problems will only get worse with the development of railway transport in Russia.

Briefly about ways to solve problems

To eliminate the described imperfections of the domestic railway infrastructure, it will be necessary to take a set of measures for its effective modernization, which guarantees the integrity and strengthening of the economic space of the Russian Federation, but at the same time does not infringe upon the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement. The current Strategy implies a step-by-step solution to the problems of railway transport by creating conditions in Russia for achieving the fundamental geopolitical and geo-economic goals of the state. Restarting and updating the existing infrastructure base, which is fundamentally important for the country's socio-economic growth, is no less important. For the development of the railway transport industry, it is also necessary:

• ensure transport accessibility for points of resource support and production progress;
• allocate additional jobs, provide railway workers with social guarantees, including the right to annual rest, the right to medical treatment, and education;
• to bring the level of quality and safety of passenger traffic in line with the requirements of the population and international standards;
• ensure the maximum carrying capacity and reserves to create the optimal number of offers in the event of fluctuations in market conditions;
• continue integration into the international railway system;
• maintain a high level of emergency response skills that meet the requirements of defense and security;
• strive to increase the investment attractiveness of the railway infrastructure;
• maintain social stability in the field and ensure a decent quality of life for employees, observe the priority of youth policy and support for industry veterans;
• to introduce high standards of labor productivity with sustainable provision of the transportation process by qualified specialists.

Is it worth developing railway transport?

In the age of all-consuming integration processes, the railway infrastructure acquired the status of a mechanism, a kind of lever for the division of labor. In addition, the railway sector can be considered as a strategic object of the impact of globalization processes in the world. Russian railways are also a knowledge-intensive theoretical area of ​​economics. In order to maintain the achieved positions and continue to improve the infrastructure, it is important to create all conditions for carrying out the latest scientific and technical developments in the country.

Railways in Russia are increasing by several thousand kilometers every year. The sphere of railway transport is an integral segment of the modern economy of developed countries.